BibTeX

@misc{12ef824bdcbb62fe5365c5827f040c623a7794a1,
  author = {G. Fletcher and J. Simpson and L. Campbell and N. Overall},
  title = {Pair-Bonding, Romantic Love, and Evolution},
  journal = {Perspectives on Psychological Science},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {20 - 36},
  doi = {10.1177/1745691614561683},
  abstract = {This article evaluates a thesis containing three interconnected propositions. First, romantic love is a “commitment device” for motivating pair-bonding in humans. Second, pair-bonding facilitated the idiosyncratic life history of hominins, helping to provide the massive investment required to rear children. Third, managing long-term pair bonds (along with family relationships) facilitated the evolution of social intelligence and cooperative skills. We evaluate this thesis by integrating evidence from a broad range of scientific disciplines. First, consistent with the claim that romantic love is an evolved commitment device, our review suggests that it is universal; suppresses mate-search mechanisms; has specific behavioral, hormonal, and neuropsychological signatures; and is linked to better health and survival. Second, we consider challenges to this thesis posed by the existence of arranged marriage, polygyny, divorce, and infidelity. Third, we show how the intimate relationship mind seems to be built to regulate and monitor relationships. Fourth, we review comparative evidence concerning links among mating systems, reproductive biology, and brain size. Finally, we discuss evidence regarding the evolutionary timing of shifts to pair-bonding in hominins. We conclude there is interdisciplinary support for the claim that romantic love and pair-bonding, along with alloparenting, played critical roles in the evolution of Homo sapiens.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - G. Fletcher
AU  - J. Simpson
AU  - L. Campbell
AU  - N. Overall
T1  - Pair-Bonding, Romantic Love, and Evolution
JO  - Perspectives on Psychological Science
PY  - 2015
VL  - 10
SP  - 20 - 36
EP  - 20 - 36
DO  - 10.1177/1745691614561683
AB  - This article evaluates a thesis containing three interconnected propositions. First, romantic love is a “commitment device” for motivating pair-bonding in humans. Second, pair-bonding facilitated the idiosyncratic life history of hominins, helping to provide the massive investment required to rear children. Third, managing long-term pair bonds (along with family relationships) facilitated the evolution of social intelligence and cooperative skills. We evaluate this thesis by integrating evidence from a broad range of scientific disciplines. First, consistent with the claim that romantic love is an evolved commitment device, our review suggests that it is universal; suppresses mate-search mechanisms; has specific behavioral, hormonal, and neuropsychological signatures; and is linked to better health and survival. Second, we consider challenges to this thesis posed by the existence of arranged marriage, polygyny, divorce, and infidelity. Third, we show how the intimate relationship mind seems to be built to regulate and monitor relationships. Fourth, we review comparative evidence concerning links among mating systems, reproductive biology, and brain size. Finally, we discuss evidence regarding the evolutionary timing of shifts to pair-bonding in hominins. We conclude there is interdisciplinary support for the claim that romantic love and pair-bonding, along with alloparenting, played critical roles in the evolution of Homo sapiens.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{f9b614b4ff9548d3d309eafa9cbf9d3f6bb794b2,
  author = {D. Alonso},
  title = {The Myth of the Philandering Man and the Crafty Woman},
  journal = {},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {4},
  doi = {10.19080/PBSIJ.2017.04.555637},
  abstract = {The monogamous human mating system arises from a unique psychological experience (i.e. falling in love), in which both partners make a conscious decision to choose a mate and establish a long-term relationship (a pair bond); this provides both intensive and extensive care for their offspring through most of their life. It is a trait particular to humans and one that generates both wonder and incredulity. A number of scholars, however, support a converse view where monogamy is merely an appearance they argue that sexual infidelity is rampant with both partners. Nevertheless, on reviewing the evidence, it is clear that the expectations (or predictions) from the extended sexual infidelity hypothesis are not met; instead, the results are compatible with the sexually faithful human pair bond. It is concluded that most human mating behavior is dominated by ‘caring and faithful’ women and men. A host of other sexual behaviors are present in humans but these are secondary and elicited by infrequent or rare circumstances.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - D. Alonso
T1  - The Myth of the Philandering Man and the Crafty Woman
PY  - 2017
VL  - 4
DO  - 10.19080/PBSIJ.2017.04.555637
AB  - The monogamous human mating system arises from a unique psychological experience (i.e. falling in love), in which both partners make a conscious decision to choose a mate and establish a long-term relationship (a pair bond); this provides both intensive and extensive care for their offspring through most of their life. It is a trait particular to humans and one that generates both wonder and incredulity. A number of scholars, however, support a converse view where monogamy is merely an appearance they argue that sexual infidelity is rampant with both partners. Nevertheless, on reviewing the evidence, it is clear that the expectations (or predictions) from the extended sexual infidelity hypothesis are not met; instead, the results are compatible with the sexually faithful human pair bond. It is concluded that most human mating behavior is dominated by ‘caring and faithful’ women and men. A host of other sexual behaviors are present in humans but these are secondary and elicited by infrequent or rare circumstances.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{fe166b9f0e0fa0e0861d0d526156301aac339da7,
  author = {P. Sorokowski and A. Sorokowska and M. Butovskaya and M. Karwowski and Agata Groyecka and B. Wojciszke and B. Pawłowski},
  title = {Love Influences Reproductive Success in Humans},
  journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {8},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01922},
  abstract = {As love seems to be universal, researchers have attempted to find its biological basis. However, no studies till date have shown its direct association with reproductive success, which is broadly known to be a good measure of fitness. Here, we show links between love, as defined by the Sternberg Triangular Theory of Love, and reproductive success among the Hadza—traditional hunter-gatherer population. We found that commitment and reproductive success were positively and consistently related in both sexes, with number of children showing negative and positive associations with intimacy and passion, respectively, only among women. Our study may shed new light on the meaning of love in humans' evolutionary past, especially in traditional hunter-gatherer societies in which individuals, not their parents, were responsible for partner choice. We suggest that passion and commitment may be the key factors that increase fitness, and therefore, that selection promoted love in human evolution. However, further studies in this area are recommended.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - P. Sorokowski
AU  - A. Sorokowska
AU  - M. Butovskaya
AU  - M. Karwowski
AU  - Agata Groyecka
AU  - B. Wojciszke
AU  - B. Pawłowski
T1  - Love Influences Reproductive Success in Humans
JO  - Frontiers in Psychology
PY  - 2017
VL  - 8
DO  - 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01922
AB  - As love seems to be universal, researchers have attempted to find its biological basis. However, no studies till date have shown its direct association with reproductive success, which is broadly known to be a good measure of fitness. Here, we show links between love, as defined by the Sternberg Triangular Theory of Love, and reproductive success among the Hadza—traditional hunter-gatherer population. We found that commitment and reproductive success were positively and consistently related in both sexes, with number of children showing negative and positive associations with intimacy and passion, respectively, only among women. Our study may shed new light on the meaning of love in humans' evolutionary past, especially in traditional hunter-gatherer societies in which individuals, not their parents, were responsible for partner choice. We suggest that passion and commitment may be the key factors that increase fitness, and therefore, that selection promoted love in human evolution. However, further studies in this area are recommended.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{62a1cf0d6881345aedc397e19e358633a2355c2f,
  author = {Helen E. Fisher},
  title = {The nature of romantic love.},
  journal = {},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {6},
  abstract = {Romantic love (characterized by at least two emotional stages attraction and attachment) is a cultural universal. I propose that the human neurophysiology for these emotions evolved in our first hominid forebears some 4 million years ago as chemical mechanisms designed to initiate affiliation and sustain ancestral pair bonds through the infancy of a single altricial (helpless) child a period of about four years. Serial monogamy during reproductive years has had adaptive advantages throughout human evolution and natural selection has resulted in primary human mating behaviors that are still visible in worldwide patterns of marriage divorce and remarriage as well as in the characteristic ebb and flow of human romantic love. (EXCERPT)}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Helen E. Fisher
T1  - The nature of romantic love.
PY  - 1994
VL  - 6
AB  - Romantic love (characterized by at least two emotional stages attraction and attachment) is a cultural universal. I propose that the human neurophysiology for these emotions evolved in our first hominid forebears some 4 million years ago as chemical mechanisms designed to initiate affiliation and sustain ancestral pair bonds through the infancy of a single altricial (helpless) child a period of about four years. Serial monogamy during reproductive years has had adaptive advantages throughout human evolution and natural selection has resulted in primary human mating behaviors that are still visible in worldwide patterns of marriage divorce and remarriage as well as in the characteristic ebb and flow of human romantic love. (EXCERPT)
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{78656ea688c3125e2d88bbea5b6360f9c5432c8d,
  author = {Paul W. Eastwick and E. Finkel},
  title = {The Evolutionary Armistice},
  journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {174 - 184},
  doi = {10.1177/0146167211422366},
  abstract = {Natural selection modified the attachment-behavioral system to bond adult mating partners in early members of the genus Homo, thus facilitating increased investment, especially paternal investment, in offspring. Previously existing adaptations that fostered intersexual conflict (e.g., ovulatory adaptations) could have threatened attachment bonds; therefore, the attachment-behavioral system might have evolved the ability to mute or refocus such adaptations for the purpose of strengthening the bond. Two studies offer support for this prediction. Women who were strongly attached to their romantic partner revealed positive associations of fertility with reports of romantic physical intimacy, but these associations were negative among unbonded women. This moderational effect of attachment bond strength was robust beyond dispositional attachment anxiety and avoidance, relationship satisfaction, relationship commitment, and partner physical attractiveness, none of which revealed robust moderational effects. Findings highlight how researchers can use the timeline of hominid evolution (i.e., phylogeny) as a tool to complement functional, adaptationist hypotheses.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Paul W. Eastwick
AU  - E. Finkel
T1  - The Evolutionary Armistice
JO  - Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
PY  - 2012
VL  - 38
SP  - 174 - 184
EP  - 174 - 184
DO  - 10.1177/0146167211422366
AB  - Natural selection modified the attachment-behavioral system to bond adult mating partners in early members of the genus Homo, thus facilitating increased investment, especially paternal investment, in offspring. Previously existing adaptations that fostered intersexual conflict (e.g., ovulatory adaptations) could have threatened attachment bonds; therefore, the attachment-behavioral system might have evolved the ability to mute or refocus such adaptations for the purpose of strengthening the bond. Two studies offer support for this prediction. Women who were strongly attached to their romantic partner revealed positive associations of fertility with reports of romantic physical intimacy, but these associations were negative among unbonded women. This moderational effect of attachment bond strength was robust beyond dispositional attachment anxiety and avoidance, relationship satisfaction, relationship commitment, and partner physical attractiveness, none of which revealed robust moderational effects. Findings highlight how researchers can use the timeline of hominid evolution (i.e., phylogeny) as a tool to complement functional, adaptationist hypotheses.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{329b5f50bad33d910112fac58970c1f96fb5843d,
  author = {R. Quinlan},
  title = {Human pair‐bonds: Evolutionary functions, ecological variation, and adaptive development},
  journal = {Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {17},
  doi = {10.1002/EVAN.20191},
  abstract = {Stable mating relationships are widespread in our species, with important economic, social, and reproductive implications.1 Pair‐bonds are part of the unique human mosaic, including very large brains, childhood, concealed ovulation, sexual intercourse in private, cultural symbols, and complex social groups. Yet we understand relatively little about the evolution of human pairing, its functions, and consequences for human diversity. We can define pair‐bonds as the long‐term affiliation, including a sexual relationship, between two individuals. The important point is that the union, whether monogamous or polygamous, is relatively enduring. Recent debate about human pair‐bonds highlights apparently conflicting hypotheses: Are pair‐bonds the evolutionary consequence of male mating competition2,3 or are they an adaptation for paternal provisioning?4,5 Unfortunately, a simple answer seems unlikely. The evidence indicates selective pressures from both mating competition and provisioning needs, suggesting different benefits of pair‐bonds in different contexts. Whether a bond emphasizes mating or parenting effort may depend on environmental cues. Childhood experience evidently affects pair‐bond development, suggesting further adaptive design for flexible life‐history strategies. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - R. Quinlan
T1  - Human pair‐bonds: Evolutionary functions, ecological variation, and adaptive development
JO  - Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues
PY  - 2008
VL  - 17
DO  - 10.1002/EVAN.20191
AB  - Stable mating relationships are widespread in our species, with important economic, social, and reproductive implications.1 Pair‐bonds are part of the unique human mosaic, including very large brains, childhood, concealed ovulation, sexual intercourse in private, cultural symbols, and complex social groups. Yet we understand relatively little about the evolution of human pairing, its functions, and consequences for human diversity. We can define pair‐bonds as the long‐term affiliation, including a sexual relationship, between two individuals. The important point is that the union, whether monogamous or polygamous, is relatively enduring. Recent debate about human pair‐bonds highlights apparently conflicting hypotheses: Are pair‐bonds the evolutionary consequence of male mating competition2,3 or are they an adaptation for paternal provisioning?4,5 Unfortunately, a simple answer seems unlikely. The evidence indicates selective pressures from both mating competition and provisioning needs, suggesting different benefits of pair‐bonds in different contexts. Whether a bond emphasizes mating or parenting effort may depend on environmental cues. Childhood experience evidently affects pair‐bond development, suggesting further adaptive design for flexible life‐history strategies. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{afa5b1339e079602b3505fca4f415d15c2ae4950,
  author = {Adam Bode},
  title = {Romantic love evolved by co-opting mother-infant bonding},
  journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {14},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1176067},
  abstract = {For 25 years, the predominant evolutionary theory of romantic love has been Fisher’s theory of independent emotion systems. That theory suggests that sex drive, romantic attraction (romantic love), and attachment are associated with distinct neurobiological and endocrinological systems which evolved independently of each other. Psychological and neurobiological evidence, however, suggest that a competing theory requires attention. A theory of co-opting mother-infant bonding sometime in the recent evolutionary history of humans may partially account for the evolution of romantic love. I present a case for this theory and a new approach to the science of romantic love drawing on human psychological, neurobiological, and (neuro)endocrinological studies as well as animal studies. The hope is that this theoretical review, along with other publications, will generate debate in the literature about the merits of the theory of co-opting mother-infant bonding and a new evolutionary approach to the science of romantic love.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Adam Bode
T1  - Romantic love evolved by co-opting mother-infant bonding
JO  - Frontiers in Psychology
PY  - 2023
VL  - 14
DO  - 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1176067
AB  - For 25 years, the predominant evolutionary theory of romantic love has been Fisher’s theory of independent emotion systems. That theory suggests that sex drive, romantic attraction (romantic love), and attachment are associated with distinct neurobiological and endocrinological systems which evolved independently of each other. Psychological and neurobiological evidence, however, suggest that a competing theory requires attention. A theory of co-opting mother-infant bonding sometime in the recent evolutionary history of humans may partially account for the evolution of romantic love. I present a case for this theory and a new approach to the science of romantic love drawing on human psychological, neurobiological, and (neuro)endocrinological studies as well as animal studies. The hope is that this theoretical review, along with other publications, will generate debate in the literature about the merits of the theory of co-opting mother-infant bonding and a new evolutionary approach to the science of romantic love.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{287772ad633688cf2d5253a46c5b4df560a6bea3,
  author = {I. Back},
  title = {Commitment and evolution : connecting emotion and reason in long-term relationships},
  journal = {},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {},
  abstract = {Long-term interpersonal relationships are everywhere. People instinctively establish contact with strangers, invest in getting to know each other, and often go to great lengths to avoid losing existing relationships. Many relationships yield obvious benefits for involved parties, monetary or otherwise, and it is only rational to establish and maintain them. Yet, it sometimes seems difficult to find rational explanations for the existence or continuation of certain relationships in which people ignore their own instrumental interest and practical advantages. The apparent explanation for such seemingly irrational behavior is that, with regard to relationships, people are especially prone to act under the influence of emotions. It has been argued, in fact, that many of the strongest emotions people experience in life, both positive and negative, are somehow linked to relationships. This work attempts to answer why such emotions came to diverge from rationality in the first place. Building on previous work, we use evolutionary theory and computer simulations to provide mathematical models of relationship-building, and to thereby compare different strategies with regard to commitment to long-term partners. Subsequently, we test some of the implications of these models using human subjects in controlled cross-cultural experiments.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - I. Back
T1  - Commitment and evolution : connecting emotion and reason in long-term relationships
PY  - 2007
AB  - Long-term interpersonal relationships are everywhere. People instinctively establish contact with strangers, invest in getting to know each other, and often go to great lengths to avoid losing existing relationships. Many relationships yield obvious benefits for involved parties, monetary or otherwise, and it is only rational to establish and maintain them. Yet, it sometimes seems difficult to find rational explanations for the existence or continuation of certain relationships in which people ignore their own instrumental interest and practical advantages. The apparent explanation for such seemingly irrational behavior is that, with regard to relationships, people are especially prone to act under the influence of emotions. It has been argued, in fact, that many of the strongest emotions people experience in life, both positive and negative, are somehow linked to relationships. This work attempts to answer why such emotions came to diverge from rationality in the first place. Building on previous work, we use evolutionary theory and computer simulations to provide mathematical models of relationship-building, and to thereby compare different strategies with regard to commitment to long-term partners. Subsequently, we test some of the implications of these models using human subjects in controlled cross-cultural experiments.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{214e0998846327b173a50bb32f1dc4c1e8c55a34,
  author = {Ryan Schacht and K. Kramer},
  title = {Are We Monogamous? A Review of the Evolution of Pair-Bonding in Humans and Its Contemporary Variation Cross-Culturally},
  journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution},
  year = {2019},
  doi = {10.3389/fevo.2019.00230},
  abstract = {Despite a long history of study, consensus on a human-typical mating system remains elusive. While a simple classification would be useful for cross-species comparisons, across contemporary human societies monogamous, polyandrous, polygynous, and short-term mating patterns are present, with most societies exhibiting multiple kinds of marriages and mating relationships. Further complicating a straightforward classification of mating system are the multiple possible interpretations of biological traits typical of humans used to indicate ancestral mating patterns. While challenging to characterize, our review of the literature offers several key insights. Although polygyny is socially sanctioned in most societies, monogamy is the dominant marriage-type within any one group cross-culturally. Though the timing of the evolution of certain anatomical characteristics is open to debate, human levels of sexual dimorphism and relative testis size point to a diverging history of sexual selection from our great ape relatives. Thus, we conclude that while there are many ethnographic examples of variation across human societies in terms of marriage patterns, extramarital affairs, the stability of relationships, and the ways in which fathers invest, the pair-bond is a ubiquitous feature of human mating relationships. This may be expressed through polygyny and/or polyandry but is most commonly observed in the form of serial and social monogamy.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Ryan Schacht
AU  - K. Kramer
T1  - Are We Monogamous? A Review of the Evolution of Pair-Bonding in Humans and Its Contemporary Variation Cross-Culturally
JO  - Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
PY  - 2019
DO  - 10.3389/fevo.2019.00230
AB  - Despite a long history of study, consensus on a human-typical mating system remains elusive. While a simple classification would be useful for cross-species comparisons, across contemporary human societies monogamous, polyandrous, polygynous, and short-term mating patterns are present, with most societies exhibiting multiple kinds of marriages and mating relationships. Further complicating a straightforward classification of mating system are the multiple possible interpretations of biological traits typical of humans used to indicate ancestral mating patterns. While challenging to characterize, our review of the literature offers several key insights. Although polygyny is socially sanctioned in most societies, monogamy is the dominant marriage-type within any one group cross-culturally. Though the timing of the evolution of certain anatomical characteristics is open to debate, human levels of sexual dimorphism and relative testis size point to a diverging history of sexual selection from our great ape relatives. Thus, we conclude that while there are many ethnographic examples of variation across human societies in terms of marriage patterns, extramarital affairs, the stability of relationships, and the ways in which fathers invest, the pair-bond is a ubiquitous feature of human mating relationships. This may be expressed through polygyny and/or polyandry but is most commonly observed in the form of serial and social monogamy.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{18e2d890d5b689bac3979e5773afc3b90e2b4cf4,
  author = {Adam Bode and Geoff Kushnick},
  title = {Proximate and Ultimate Perspectives on Romantic Love},
  journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {12},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2021.573123},
  abstract = {Romantic love is a phenomenon of immense interest to the general public as well as to scholars in several disciplines. It is known to be present in almost all human societies and has been studied from a number of perspectives. In this integrative review, we bring together what is known about romantic love using Tinbergen’s “four questions” framework originating from evolutionary biology. Under the first question, related to mechanisms, we show that it is caused by social, psychological mate choice, genetic, neural, and endocrine mechanisms. The mechanisms regulating psychopathology, cognitive biases, and animal models provide further insights into the mechanisms that regulate romantic love. Under the second question, related to development, we show that romantic love exists across the human lifespan in both sexes. We summarize what is known about its development and the internal and external factors that influence it. We consider cross-cultural perspectives and raise the issue of evolutionary mismatch. Under the third question, related to function, we discuss the fitness-relevant benefits and costs of romantic love with reference to mate choice, courtship, sex, and pair-bonding. We outline three possible selective pressures and contend that romantic love is a suite of adaptions and by-products. Under the fourth question, related to phylogeny, we summarize theories of romantic love’s evolutionary history and show that romantic love probably evolved in concert with pair-bonds in our recent ancestors. We describe the mammalian antecedents to romantic love and the contribution of genes and culture to the expression of modern romantic love. We advance four potential scenarios for the evolution of romantic love. We conclude by summarizing what Tinbergen’s four questions tell us, highlighting outstanding questions as avenues of potential future research, and suggesting a novel ethologically informed working definition to accommodate the multi-faceted understanding of romantic love advanced in this review.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Adam Bode
AU  - Geoff Kushnick
T1  - Proximate and Ultimate Perspectives on Romantic Love
JO  - Frontiers in Psychology
PY  - 2021
VL  - 12
DO  - 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.573123
AB  - Romantic love is a phenomenon of immense interest to the general public as well as to scholars in several disciplines. It is known to be present in almost all human societies and has been studied from a number of perspectives. In this integrative review, we bring together what is known about romantic love using Tinbergen’s “four questions” framework originating from evolutionary biology. Under the first question, related to mechanisms, we show that it is caused by social, psychological mate choice, genetic, neural, and endocrine mechanisms. The mechanisms regulating psychopathology, cognitive biases, and animal models provide further insights into the mechanisms that regulate romantic love. Under the second question, related to development, we show that romantic love exists across the human lifespan in both sexes. We summarize what is known about its development and the internal and external factors that influence it. We consider cross-cultural perspectives and raise the issue of evolutionary mismatch. Under the third question, related to function, we discuss the fitness-relevant benefits and costs of romantic love with reference to mate choice, courtship, sex, and pair-bonding. We outline three possible selective pressures and contend that romantic love is a suite of adaptions and by-products. Under the fourth question, related to phylogeny, we summarize theories of romantic love’s evolutionary history and show that romantic love probably evolved in concert with pair-bonds in our recent ancestors. We describe the mammalian antecedents to romantic love and the contribution of genes and culture to the expression of modern romantic love. We advance four potential scenarios for the evolution of romantic love. We conclude by summarizing what Tinbergen’s four questions tell us, highlighting outstanding questions as avenues of potential future research, and suggesting a novel ethologically informed working definition to accommodate the multi-faceted understanding of romantic love advanced in this review.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{4783ae5ef1fce52162aa853ff50f3e94461b5d05,
  author = {L. Campbell and T. Loving},
  title = {Love and Commitment in Romantic Relationships},
  journal = {},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {},
  pages = {1-17},
  doi = {10.1002/9781119125563.EVPSYCH118},
  abstract = {Romantic love has received significant theoretical and empirical attention from the perspectives of evolutionary psychology and traditional social psychology. Although their respective advancements on love have often occurred in isolation, there exists great overlap between the ideas presented by each discipline. In this chapter, we discuss this overlap and the likely benefits derived by bridging these disciplines more concertedly. We first discuss social psychological approaches to the study of love. We then shift focus to evolutionary psychological approaches, which build on social psychological research by emphasizing possible functions for the existence and experience of love. We conclude by suggesting other topics of relationship functioning that have been much investigated by traditional psychological approaches but have not been explored systematically through the lens of evolutionary psychology. It is our belief that there is significant value in exposing mainstream evolutionary psychologists to relevant research in the relationship science domain more generally and vice versa. It is this type of cross-talk that will be most advantageous for spurring mutually beneficial collaborations that will likely provide the greatest advances in our understanding of romantic love. 
 
 
Keywords: 
 
love; 
romantic relationships; 
pair bonding; 
commitment}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - L. Campbell
AU  - T. Loving
T1  - Love and Commitment in Romantic Relationships
PY  - 2015
SP  - 1-17
EP  - 1-17
DO  - 10.1002/9781119125563.EVPSYCH118
AB  - Romantic love has received significant theoretical and empirical attention from the perspectives of evolutionary psychology and traditional social psychology. Although their respective advancements on love have often occurred in isolation, there exists great overlap between the ideas presented by each discipline. In this chapter, we discuss this overlap and the likely benefits derived by bridging these disciplines more concertedly. We first discuss social psychological approaches to the study of love. We then shift focus to evolutionary psychological approaches, which build on social psychological research by emphasizing possible functions for the existence and experience of love. We conclude by suggesting other topics of relationship functioning that have been much investigated by traditional psychological approaches but have not been explored systematically through the lens of evolutionary psychology. It is our belief that there is significant value in exposing mainstream evolutionary psychologists to relevant research in the relationship science domain more generally and vice versa. It is this type of cross-talk that will be most advantageous for spurring mutually beneficial collaborations that will likely provide the greatest advances in our understanding of romantic love. 
 
 
Keywords: 
 
love; 
romantic relationships; 
pair bonding; 
commitment
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{5bf5dcd4439ad0762b29aa74c07dfee32e555fe2,
  author = {James E. Coxworth and P. Kim and J. McQueen and K. Hawkes},
  title = {Grandmothering life histories and human pair bonding},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {112},
  pages = {11806 - 11811},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1599993112},
  abstract = {Significance Pair bonds are universal in human societies and distinguish us from our closest living relatives. They characteristically involve men’s proprietary claims over women—mate guarding—which in animals generally is both predicted and observed to be more frequent when sex ratios in the fertile ages are male-biased. A marked male bias in the fertile ages evolved in our lineage as longevity increased without an extension of female fertility. We compare the sex-ratio shift in simulations of the grandmother hypothesis to demographic data from chimpanzees and human hunter–gatherers then connect the expanded proportions of older men to benefits for mate guarding, the evolution of pair bonds, and the long recognized importance of male alliances in human social life. The evolution of distinctively human life history and social organization is generally attributed to paternal provisioning based on pair bonds. Here we develop an alternative argument that connects the evolution of human pair bonds to the male-biased mating sex ratios that accompanied the evolution of human life history. We simulate an agent-based model of the grandmother hypothesis, compare simulated sex ratios to data on great apes and human hunter–gatherers, and note associations between a preponderance of males and mate guarding across taxa. Then we explore a recent model that highlights the importance of mating sex ratios for differences between birds and mammals and conclude that lessons for human evolution cannot ignore mammalian reproductive constraints. In contradiction to our claim that male-biased sex ratios are characteristically human, female-biased ratios are reported in some populations. We consider the likelihood that fertile men are undercounted and conclude that the mate-guarding hypothesis for human pair bonds gains strength from explicit links with our grandmothering life history.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - James E. Coxworth
AU  - P. Kim
AU  - J. McQueen
AU  - K. Hawkes
T1  - Grandmothering life histories and human pair bonding
JO  - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
PY  - 2015
VL  - 112
SP  - 11806 - 11811
EP  - 11806 - 11811
DO  - 10.1073/pnas.1599993112
AB  - Significance Pair bonds are universal in human societies and distinguish us from our closest living relatives. They characteristically involve men’s proprietary claims over women—mate guarding—which in animals generally is both predicted and observed to be more frequent when sex ratios in the fertile ages are male-biased. A marked male bias in the fertile ages evolved in our lineage as longevity increased without an extension of female fertility. We compare the sex-ratio shift in simulations of the grandmother hypothesis to demographic data from chimpanzees and human hunter–gatherers then connect the expanded proportions of older men to benefits for mate guarding, the evolution of pair bonds, and the long recognized importance of male alliances in human social life. The evolution of distinctively human life history and social organization is generally attributed to paternal provisioning based on pair bonds. Here we develop an alternative argument that connects the evolution of human pair bonds to the male-biased mating sex ratios that accompanied the evolution of human life history. We simulate an agent-based model of the grandmother hypothesis, compare simulated sex ratios to data on great apes and human hunter–gatherers, and note associations between a preponderance of males and mate guarding across taxa. Then we explore a recent model that highlights the importance of mating sex ratios for differences between birds and mammals and conclude that lessons for human evolution cannot ignore mammalian reproductive constraints. In contradiction to our claim that male-biased sex ratios are characteristically human, female-biased ratios are reported in some populations. We consider the likelihood that fertile men are undercounted and conclude that the mate-guarding hypothesis for human pair bonds gains strength from explicit links with our grandmothering life history.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{388aa69484e331a46800bf10b7d5bd8b22fecb6f,
  author = {C. Salmon},
  title = {Long-Term Romantic Relationships: Adaptationist Approaches},
  journal = {Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {121–130},
  doi = {10.1037/ebs0000081},
  abstract = {Psychology has a long history of interest in the study of romantic and sexual relationships. The introduction of evolutionary perspectives to this area has broadened and clarified our understanding of mating desires and behaviors. This article will review some of the contributions of evolutionarily informed research to our understanding of long-term committed relationships. In particular, it will concentrate on clarifications to our understanding of sexual strategies and resulting sex differences in long- and short-term mate preferences, the role of attachment in pair-bonding, individual differences in sexual strategies, and the influence of hormones on infidelity, as well as the roles of sexual jealousy and violence in mate retention.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - C. Salmon
T1  - Long-Term Romantic Relationships: Adaptationist Approaches
JO  - Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences
PY  - 2017
VL  - 11
SP  - 121–130
EP  - 121–130
DO  - 10.1037/ebs0000081
AB  - Psychology has a long history of interest in the study of romantic and sexual relationships. The introduction of evolutionary perspectives to this area has broadened and clarified our understanding of mating desires and behaviors. This article will review some of the contributions of evolutionarily informed research to our understanding of long-term committed relationships. In particular, it will concentrate on clarifications to our understanding of sexual strategies and resulting sex differences in long- and short-term mate preferences, the role of attachment in pair-bonding, individual differences in sexual strategies, and the influence of hormones on infidelity, as well as the roles of sexual jealousy and violence in mate retention.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{bee3ac7f1408336ddd5d5b6c36b572cfa06a9689,
  author = {R. Quinlan and Marsha B. Quinlan},
  title = {Evolutionary Ecology of Human Pair-Bonds},
  journal = {Cross-Cultural Research},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {41},
  pages = {149 - 169},
  doi = {10.1177/1069397106298893},
  abstract = {Human pair-bonds may have multiple evolved functions. One long-standing hypothesis suggests that pair-bonds evolved for male provisioning. Alternatively pair-bonds may occur as a response to male mating competition when benefits of staying with a current mate outweigh costs of seeking new mates. A third hypothesis suggests that pair-bonds function to protect against infanticide by aggressive males. Tests of these hypotheses used data from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample on divorce, alloparenting, polygyny, male contribution to subsistence, and male aggression. Results were not consistent with the infanticide and/or male aggression hypothesis; however, parental investment and male mating competition accounted for significant cross-cultural variance in conjugal stability, suggesting that human pairing has multiple functions. Pair-bonds tended to be stable when men and women contributed equally to subsistence, and unstable when either sex contributed the majority to subsistence. The authors use the ethnographic record to explore relations among pair-bonds, mating competition, showing off, and conjugal complementarity.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - R. Quinlan
AU  - Marsha B. Quinlan
T1  - Evolutionary Ecology of Human Pair-Bonds
JO  - Cross-Cultural Research
PY  - 2007
VL  - 41
SP  - 149 - 169
EP  - 149 - 169
DO  - 10.1177/1069397106298893
AB  - Human pair-bonds may have multiple evolved functions. One long-standing hypothesis suggests that pair-bonds evolved for male provisioning. Alternatively pair-bonds may occur as a response to male mating competition when benefits of staying with a current mate outweigh costs of seeking new mates. A third hypothesis suggests that pair-bonds function to protect against infanticide by aggressive males. Tests of these hypotheses used data from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample on divorce, alloparenting, polygyny, male contribution to subsistence, and male aggression. Results were not consistent with the infanticide and/or male aggression hypothesis; however, parental investment and male mating competition accounted for significant cross-cultural variance in conjugal stability, suggesting that human pairing has multiple functions. Pair-bonds tended to be stable when men and women contributed equally to subsistence, and unstable when either sex contributed the majority to subsistence. The authors use the ethnographic record to explore relations among pair-bonds, mating competition, showing off, and conjugal complementarity.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{334d87de296770fc4a71d36080987d1e6ff23f79,
  author = {Ana María Fernández and M. Barbato and Belen Cordero and Yvone Acevedo},
  title = {What’s love got to do with jealousy?},
  journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {14},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1249556},
  abstract = {Romantic love and jealousy seem antagonistic, but the expression of both emotions have evolutionary functions that can go in the same direction of maintaining a relationship. Considering natural selection designed adaptations to solve the problems surrounding reproduction, then love and romantic jealousy are emotions aimed at staying cooperative for a period of time, where love solves the adaptive challenges of promoting pair bonding, cooperation, and protecting offspring; and jealousy is triggered by a threat or the loss of a valuable cooperative relationship, either on behalf of descendants in need of resources, or a close romantic bond. Consequently, understanding love and romantic jealousy points in the same adaptive functional domain of protecting a romantic pair bond. Specifically, love can be comprehended in two different ways and in regard to jealousy. First, conceiving love as the attachment to significant others one develops throughout lifetime, and secondly, it contemplates affective dependence. Results from a sample of single and committed individuals (n = 332) show the predicted positive correlation between attachment and jealousy as stable traits, consistent with previous literature. In addition, there is a non-significant and low correlation, respectively, between attachment and love as a measure of dependence. Furthermore, in the single participants group, jealousy was associated with love. The discussion emphasizes the need for expanding a functional account of love and jealousy as complementary emotions of our human affective endowment. Finally, it would be informative to study attachment as a relational trait and love as a specific affection for a romantic partner that could be manipulated to elucidate the functional design of jealousy.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Ana María Fernández
AU  - M. Barbato
AU  - Belen Cordero
AU  - Yvone Acevedo
T1  - What’s love got to do with jealousy?
JO  - Frontiers in Psychology
PY  - 2023
VL  - 14
DO  - 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1249556
AB  - Romantic love and jealousy seem antagonistic, but the expression of both emotions have evolutionary functions that can go in the same direction of maintaining a relationship. Considering natural selection designed adaptations to solve the problems surrounding reproduction, then love and romantic jealousy are emotions aimed at staying cooperative for a period of time, where love solves the adaptive challenges of promoting pair bonding, cooperation, and protecting offspring; and jealousy is triggered by a threat or the loss of a valuable cooperative relationship, either on behalf of descendants in need of resources, or a close romantic bond. Consequently, understanding love and romantic jealousy points in the same adaptive functional domain of protecting a romantic pair bond. Specifically, love can be comprehended in two different ways and in regard to jealousy. First, conceiving love as the attachment to significant others one develops throughout lifetime, and secondly, it contemplates affective dependence. Results from a sample of single and committed individuals (n = 332) show the predicted positive correlation between attachment and jealousy as stable traits, consistent with previous literature. In addition, there is a non-significant and low correlation, respectively, between attachment and love as a measure of dependence. Furthermore, in the single participants group, jealousy was associated with love. The discussion emphasizes the need for expanding a functional account of love and jealousy as complementary emotions of our human affective endowment. Finally, it would be informative to study attachment as a relational trait and love as a specific affection for a romantic partner that could be manipulated to elucidate the functional design of jealousy.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{0e53baea5e2cb94d99447d711a398db5f81a9de6,
  author = {M. Flinn and C. Ward},
  title = {The Role of Hormones in the Evolution of Human Sociality},
  journal = {},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {},
  pages = {1-23},
  doi = {10.1002/9781119125563.EVPSYCH124},
  abstract = {The human family seems to follow a typical mammalian pattern:intense maternal care including breastfeeding of an altricial (helpless) offspringwith some support from other relatives. Beyond the shared mammal/primate commonality, however, humans have some highly unusual traits. We are the only species characterized by the combination of: stable breeding bonds, extensive paternal care in multimale groups, extended bilateral kin recognition, life-long brother-sister bonds, grandparenting, and controlled exchange of mates among kin groups. Perhaps even more surprising than this unique set of universals is the extraordinary diversity in composition and behavior of human families. These characteristics are important pieces of the human evolutionary puzzle, and are critical for theoretical and pragmatic understanding of human family relationships and child development. In this chapter we first review a general model for the evolution of human mating, parenting, and kinship patterns based on a process of runaway social selection. We then evaluate the fossil evidenceand the potential physiological and neurobiological mechanismsthat underpin these central aspects of our sociality. Evidence suggests that humans have a suite of derived traits best explained by an evolutionary history of bilateral, multiple-generation kin networks, pairbonding, and complex coalitions including intercommunity alliances based in part on mating/marriage relationships. 
 
 
Keywords: 
 
human evolution; 
family relationships; 
hominin fossils; 
hormones; 
behavioral endocrinology}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - M. Flinn
AU  - C. Ward
T1  - The Role of Hormones in the Evolution of Human Sociality
PY  - 2015
SP  - 1-23
EP  - 1-23
DO  - 10.1002/9781119125563.EVPSYCH124
AB  - The human family seems to follow a typical mammalian pattern:intense maternal care including breastfeeding of an altricial (helpless) offspringwith some support from other relatives. Beyond the shared mammal/primate commonality, however, humans have some highly unusual traits. We are the only species characterized by the combination of: stable breeding bonds, extensive paternal care in multimale groups, extended bilateral kin recognition, life-long brother-sister bonds, grandparenting, and controlled exchange of mates among kin groups. Perhaps even more surprising than this unique set of universals is the extraordinary diversity in composition and behavior of human families. These characteristics are important pieces of the human evolutionary puzzle, and are critical for theoretical and pragmatic understanding of human family relationships and child development. In this chapter we first review a general model for the evolution of human mating, parenting, and kinship patterns based on a process of runaway social selection. We then evaluate the fossil evidenceand the potential physiological and neurobiological mechanismsthat underpin these central aspects of our sociality. Evidence suggests that humans have a suite of derived traits best explained by an evolutionary history of bilateral, multiple-generation kin networks, pairbonding, and complex coalitions including intercommunity alliances based in part on mating/marriage relationships. 
 
 
Keywords: 
 
human evolution; 
family relationships; 
hominin fossils; 
hormones; 
behavioral endocrinology
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{f8fff1b3872e8ae7694b41f8054c6540ff8e375f,
  author = {Helen E. Fisher and A. Aron and L. Brown},
  title = {Romantic love: a mammalian brain system for mate choice},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {361},
  pages = {2173 - 2186},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2006.1938},
  abstract = {Mammals and birds regularly express mate preferences and make mate choices. Data on mate choice among mammals suggest that this behavioural ‘attraction system’ is associated with dopaminergic reward pathways in the brain. It has been proposed that intense romantic love, a human cross-cultural universal, is a developed form of this attraction system. To begin to determine the neural mechanisms associated with romantic attraction in humans, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study 17 people who were intensely ‘in love’. Activation specific to the beloved occurred in the brainstem right ventral tegmental area and right postero-dorsal body of the caudate nucleus. These and other results suggest that dopaminergic reward and motivation pathways contribute to aspects of romantic love. We also used fMRI to study 15 men and women who had just been rejected in love. Preliminary analysis showed activity specific to the beloved in related regions of the reward system associated with monetary gambling for uncertain large gains and losses, and in regions of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex associated with theory of mind, obsessive/compulsive behaviours and controlling anger. These data contribute to our view that romantic love is one of the three primary brain systems that evolved in avian and mammalian species to direct reproduction. The sex drive evolved to motivate individuals to seek a range of mating partners; attraction evolved to motivate individuals to prefer and pursue specific partners; and attachment evolved to motivate individuals to remain together long enough to complete species-specific parenting duties. These three behavioural repertoires appear to be based on brain systems that are largely distinct yet interrelated, and they interact in specific ways to orchestrate reproduction, using both hormones and monoamines. Romantic attraction in humans and its antecedent in other mammalian species play a primary role: this neural mechanism motivates individuals to focus their courtship energy on specific others, thereby conserving valuable time and metabolic energy, and facilitating mate choice.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Helen E. Fisher
AU  - A. Aron
AU  - L. Brown
T1  - Romantic love: a mammalian brain system for mate choice
JO  - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
PY  - 2006
VL  - 361
SP  - 2173 - 2186
EP  - 2173 - 2186
DO  - 10.1098/rstb.2006.1938
AB  - Mammals and birds regularly express mate preferences and make mate choices. Data on mate choice among mammals suggest that this behavioural ‘attraction system’ is associated with dopaminergic reward pathways in the brain. It has been proposed that intense romantic love, a human cross-cultural universal, is a developed form of this attraction system. To begin to determine the neural mechanisms associated with romantic attraction in humans, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study 17 people who were intensely ‘in love’. Activation specific to the beloved occurred in the brainstem right ventral tegmental area and right postero-dorsal body of the caudate nucleus. These and other results suggest that dopaminergic reward and motivation pathways contribute to aspects of romantic love. We also used fMRI to study 15 men and women who had just been rejected in love. Preliminary analysis showed activity specific to the beloved in related regions of the reward system associated with monetary gambling for uncertain large gains and losses, and in regions of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex associated with theory of mind, obsessive/compulsive behaviours and controlling anger. These data contribute to our view that romantic love is one of the three primary brain systems that evolved in avian and mammalian species to direct reproduction. The sex drive evolved to motivate individuals to seek a range of mating partners; attraction evolved to motivate individuals to prefer and pursue specific partners; and attachment evolved to motivate individuals to remain together long enough to complete species-specific parenting duties. These three behavioural repertoires appear to be based on brain systems that are largely distinct yet interrelated, and they interact in specific ways to orchestrate reproduction, using both hormones and monoamines. Romantic attraction in humans and its antecedent in other mammalian species play a primary role: this neural mechanism motivates individuals to focus their courtship energy on specific others, thereby conserving valuable time and metabolic energy, and facilitating mate choice.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{4266651cbcd37bc614d4efaa63e42ad55d315b60,
  author = {Emma L Sorrell},
  title = {Romantic Love and Marriage: An Analysis of the Concept and Functionality of Romantic Love as a Marital Stabilizing Agent},
  journal = {},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {},
  abstract = {When identifYing the central components that constitute general social structures, one cannot overlook the integral role that marriage, in its many manifestations, plays in the make-up of human societies. Marriage, or the ultimate extension of pair bonding, developed largely as a cultural adaptation to the reproduction of slowly developing human offipring and hence can be viewed as a method of maximizing reproductive fitness. If this assumption is correct, then one may presume that it would be beneficial to humans and their reproductive success to engage in marriages of relative stability. Hence, it would be reasonable to assume that there must be methods of stabilizing marriages in all societies. This paper will examine the relationship that exists between romantic love and marriage, as well as the functional role that love may play as a stabilizing agent in certain matrimonial unions. Recent research indicates that romantic love is a fairly universal concept, yet it is not universally considered an important factor in marriage (Jankowiak & Fischer 1992). This paper will discuss the relationship between romantic love and marriage, as well as the factors that appear to make love an important part of a matrimonial agreement. The following is an attempt to demonstrate the functionality of romantic love, in the sense that love may act as a basis for stabilizing marriage in some societies. In discussing romantic love, current approaches seem to view this as a near universal concept, as it seems to be a present cultural attribute in 89 percent of contemporary societies (Jankowiak 1995). Studies dealing with the concept of love seem to emphasize the functionality of romantic attachment, either in terms of its possible stabilizing power in marriage or its importance as an evolutionary adaptation designed to maintain pair bonds and their associated reproductive contracts. The body of literature in the realm of romantic}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Emma L Sorrell
T1  - Romantic Love and Marriage: An Analysis of the Concept and Functionality of Romantic Love as a Marital Stabilizing Agent
PY  - 2005
AB  - When identifYing the central components that constitute general social structures, one cannot overlook the integral role that marriage, in its many manifestations, plays in the make-up of human societies. Marriage, or the ultimate extension of pair bonding, developed largely as a cultural adaptation to the reproduction of slowly developing human offipring and hence can be viewed as a method of maximizing reproductive fitness. If this assumption is correct, then one may presume that it would be beneficial to humans and their reproductive success to engage in marriages of relative stability. Hence, it would be reasonable to assume that there must be methods of stabilizing marriages in all societies. This paper will examine the relationship that exists between romantic love and marriage, as well as the functional role that love may play as a stabilizing agent in certain matrimonial unions. Recent research indicates that romantic love is a fairly universal concept, yet it is not universally considered an important factor in marriage (Jankowiak & Fischer 1992). This paper will discuss the relationship between romantic love and marriage, as well as the factors that appear to make love an important part of a matrimonial agreement. The following is an attempt to demonstrate the functionality of romantic love, in the sense that love may act as a basis for stabilizing marriage in some societies. In discussing romantic love, current approaches seem to view this as a near universal concept, as it seems to be a present cultural attribute in 89 percent of contemporary societies (Jankowiak 1995). Studies dealing with the concept of love seem to emphasize the functionality of romantic attachment, either in terms of its possible stabilizing power in marriage or its importance as an evolutionary adaptation designed to maintain pair bonds and their associated reproductive contracts. The body of literature in the realm of romantic
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{fcfa4a7189b004602fcb2c52d703be48ffbd26fb,
  author = {Glenn Geher and N. Wedberg},
  title = {Happiness, Gratitude, and Love},
  journal = {Positive Evolutionary Psychology},
  year = {2019},
  doi = {10.1093/oso/9780190647124.003.0006},
  abstract = {This chapter focuses on three of the core topics that are studied by positive psychologists: happiness, gratitude, and love. Each of these concepts has been the target of extensive research conducted by evolutionary psychologists. As such, we can now understand the ultimate factors that underlie these topics quite well. Happiness can be understood as an emotion that evolved largely to motivate people to move toward stimuli that facilitate survival or reproductive success. Gratitude evolved in connection with our strong tendencies toward reciprocal altruism, helping people keep positively connected to others in small social groups. And love evolved largely because human infants are quite helpless and thus benefit strongly from biparental care. The evolutionary analyses in this chapter are detailed and help shed light on the inner workings of each of these concepts.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Glenn Geher
AU  - N. Wedberg
T1  - Happiness, Gratitude, and Love
JO  - Positive Evolutionary Psychology
PY  - 2019
DO  - 10.1093/oso/9780190647124.003.0006
AB  - This chapter focuses on three of the core topics that are studied by positive psychologists: happiness, gratitude, and love. Each of these concepts has been the target of extensive research conducted by evolutionary psychologists. As such, we can now understand the ultimate factors that underlie these topics quite well. Happiness can be understood as an emotion that evolved largely to motivate people to move toward stimuli that facilitate survival or reproductive success. Gratitude evolved in connection with our strong tendencies toward reciprocal altruism, helping people keep positively connected to others in small social groups. And love evolved largely because human infants are quite helpless and thus benefit strongly from biparental care. The evolutionary analyses in this chapter are detailed and help shed light on the inner workings of each of these concepts.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{30084d501061fe984b2349039af6ec9d691bcb6b,
  author = {Jeffrey Winking},
  title = {Are men really that bad as fathers? The role of men's investments},
  journal = {Social Biology},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {53},
  pages = {100 - 115},
  doi = {10.1080/19485565.2006.9989119},
  abstract = {Abstract Human pair‐bonding and paternal involvement have long been attributed to the need for biparental rearing of altricial offspring with extended periods of dependency. More recently, researchers have focused on the fertility benefits that pair‐bonding offers men and have re‐conceptualized paternal care as a stratagem designed to curry favor with the recipient children's mother. These models, however, fail to explain a number of puzzling empirical findings, namely the lack of a significant and robust effect of father‐presence cross‐culturally, despite what appears to be true paternal involvement. I argue that the record is better explained by conceptualizing reproduction within unions as a joint venture, in which men's contributions are not simply lumped onto women's invariant levels of parental investment, but one in which men's involvement allows wives to reduce their own allocations to parental investment and increase those to fertility (fertility model), thereby maximizing the production of the union, not simply child survivorship.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Jeffrey Winking
T1  - Are men really that bad as fathers? The role of men's investments
JO  - Social Biology
PY  - 2006
VL  - 53
SP  - 100 - 115
EP  - 100 - 115
DO  - 10.1080/19485565.2006.9989119
AB  - Abstract Human pair‐bonding and paternal involvement have long been attributed to the need for biparental rearing of altricial offspring with extended periods of dependency. More recently, researchers have focused on the fertility benefits that pair‐bonding offers men and have re‐conceptualized paternal care as a stratagem designed to curry favor with the recipient children's mother. These models, however, fail to explain a number of puzzling empirical findings, namely the lack of a significant and robust effect of father‐presence cross‐culturally, despite what appears to be true paternal involvement. I argue that the record is better explained by conceptualizing reproduction within unions as a joint venture, in which men's contributions are not simply lumped onto women's invariant levels of parental investment, but one in which men's involvement allows wives to reduce their own allocations to parental investment and increase those to fertility (fertility model), thereby maximizing the production of the union, not simply child survivorship.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{2eb9777d0e16ffcb2889782dfeea36f9a7f21b9e,
  author = {Evelyn Mercado and Leah C. Hibel},
  title = {I love you from the bottom of my hypothalamus: The role of stress physiology in romantic pair bond formation and maintenance.},
  journal = {Social and personality psychology compass},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {11 2},
  doi = {10.1111/spc3.12298},
  abstract = {Monogamous pair bonds helped solve ancestral problems pertinent to our survival as a species. In order for these pair bonds to succeed, biological systems were co-opted to support and reinforce attachment bonds through feelings of pleasure and reward. One of the major biological systems that may play an important role in the formation of romantic attachments is the stress response system (autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis). Research suggests attraction, mate preference, and emotional connectedness may be supported by the activation or inhibition of the stress response system. Further, as romantic relationships progress, new findings suggest partners' physiological patterns coalesce, potentially serving a regulatory function that reinforces the pair bond and affects overall well-being. Based on this evidence, the current paper puts forth the Physiology of Romantic Pair Bond Initiation and Maintenance Model, which will provide researchers with a new perspective on the function of the stress response system in romantic relationships.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Evelyn Mercado
AU  - Leah C. Hibel
T1  - I love you from the bottom of my hypothalamus: The role of stress physiology in romantic pair bond formation and maintenance.
JO  - Social and personality psychology compass
PY  - 2017
VL  - 11 2
DO  - 10.1111/spc3.12298
AB  - Monogamous pair bonds helped solve ancestral problems pertinent to our survival as a species. In order for these pair bonds to succeed, biological systems were co-opted to support and reinforce attachment bonds through feelings of pleasure and reward. One of the major biological systems that may play an important role in the formation of romantic attachments is the stress response system (autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis). Research suggests attraction, mate preference, and emotional connectedness may be supported by the activation or inhibition of the stress response system. Further, as romantic relationships progress, new findings suggest partners' physiological patterns coalesce, potentially serving a regulatory function that reinforces the pair bond and affects overall well-being. Based on this evidence, the current paper puts forth the Physiology of Romantic Pair Bond Initiation and Maintenance Model, which will provide researchers with a new perspective on the function of the stress response system in romantic relationships.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{3612da7d82af5c89e22b7505c527b62d89184f33,
  author = {A. Boyette and Lee T. Gettler},
  title = {Evolution and Human Fatherhood},
  journal = {The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology and Behavioral Endocrinology},
  year = {2019},
  doi = {10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190649739.013.10},
  abstract = {This chapter reviews research on the evolution of paternal care in humans. It examines human fatherhood within the phylogenetic distribution of paternal care in vertebrates, especially mammals. Phylogenetic comparisons draw out several correlates of paternal care across species, with the most important being social monogamy. Research on the evolution of paternal care in humans has also focused on the relationship between social monogamy and the evolution of paternal care. The chapter reviews this research and major debates around whether male provisioning was a key adaptation in the evolution of pair-bonds and human life history. It discusses evidence for direct male care and summarizes a possible evolutionary sequence of its evolution in humans. It considers studies on the neuroendocrinology of male care in humans, drawing from comparative studies where appropriate. Lastly, this chapter outlines several major biocultural frameworks for understanding population-level patterns of paternal care as integrated, developmental responses to specific socioecological factors.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - A. Boyette
AU  - Lee T. Gettler
T1  - Evolution and Human Fatherhood
JO  - The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology and Behavioral Endocrinology
PY  - 2019
DO  - 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190649739.013.10
AB  - This chapter reviews research on the evolution of paternal care in humans. It examines human fatherhood within the phylogenetic distribution of paternal care in vertebrates, especially mammals. Phylogenetic comparisons draw out several correlates of paternal care across species, with the most important being social monogamy. Research on the evolution of paternal care in humans has also focused on the relationship between social monogamy and the evolution of paternal care. The chapter reviews this research and major debates around whether male provisioning was a key adaptation in the evolution of pair-bonds and human life history. It discusses evidence for direct male care and summarizes a possible evolutionary sequence of its evolution in humans. It considers studies on the neuroendocrinology of male care in humans, drawing from comparative studies where appropriate. Lastly, this chapter outlines several major biocultural frameworks for understanding population-level patterns of paternal care as integrated, developmental responses to specific socioecological factors.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{1d7ed04d2aa4284f6589a5438da5dcfafb6fd422,
  author = {R. C. Fraley and C. Brumbaugh and Michael J. Marks},
  title = {The evolution and function of adult attachment: a comparative and phylogenetic analysis.},
  journal = {Journal of personality and social psychology},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {89 5},
  pages = {
          731-46
        },
  doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.89.5.751},
  abstract = {Although the evolutionary functions of attachment in infant-caregiver relationships are undisputed, it is unclear what functions--if any--attachment serves in adult romantic relationships. The objective of this research was to examine the evolution and function of adult attachment (i.e., pair bonding) by applying comparative and phylogenetic methods to archival data collected on 2 diverse samples of mammalian species. The authors found that species exhibiting adult attachment were more likely than others to be characterized by paternal care, developmental immaturity or neoteny, small social groups, and small body sizes. The authors also used phylogenetic techniques to reconstruct the evolution of adult attachment and test alternative evolutionary models of the comparative correlates of pair bonding. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that the relationship between paternal care and adult attachment may be a functional one (i.e., due to convergent evolution) but that the relationship between neoteny and adult attachment may be due to homology (i.e., shared ancestry). Discussion focuses on the potential of comparative and phylogenetic methods for advancing the science of social and personality psychology.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - R. C. Fraley
AU  - C. Brumbaugh
AU  - Michael J. Marks
T1  - The evolution and function of adult attachment: a comparative and phylogenetic analysis.
JO  - Journal of personality and social psychology
PY  - 2005
VL  - 89 5
SP  - 
          731-46
        
EP  - 
          731-46
        
DO  - 10.1037/0022-3514.89.5.751
AB  - Although the evolutionary functions of attachment in infant-caregiver relationships are undisputed, it is unclear what functions--if any--attachment serves in adult romantic relationships. The objective of this research was to examine the evolution and function of adult attachment (i.e., pair bonding) by applying comparative and phylogenetic methods to archival data collected on 2 diverse samples of mammalian species. The authors found that species exhibiting adult attachment were more likely than others to be characterized by paternal care, developmental immaturity or neoteny, small social groups, and small body sizes. The authors also used phylogenetic techniques to reconstruct the evolution of adult attachment and test alternative evolutionary models of the comparative correlates of pair bonding. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that the relationship between paternal care and adult attachment may be a functional one (i.e., due to convergent evolution) but that the relationship between neoteny and adult attachment may be due to homology (i.e., shared ancestry). Discussion focuses on the potential of comparative and phylogenetic methods for advancing the science of social and personality psychology.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{80fd92e2dde497fc810e913f847b24c9d5c03c42,
  author = {Yidan Ma and Weifeng Xue and Guang Zhao and 涂燊 and Yong Zheng},
  title = {Romantic Love and Attentional Biases Toward Attractive Alternatives and Rivals: Long-Term Relationship Maintenance Among Female Chinese College Students},
  journal = {Evolutionary Psychology},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {17},
  doi = {10.1177/1474704919897601},
  abstract = {Studies about heterosexual individuals’ long-term relationship maintenance have indicated that committed individuals possess evolved psychological mechanisms that help protect their ongoing romantic relationships against threats from attractive others during early stage attentional processing when mating-related motivation is activated. In this study, two experiments tested the relationship maintenance mechanism among committed female college students in the Chinese cultural context under different love priming conditions. Committed Chinese women displayed inattention to attractive alternatives in positive love-scenario priming (Study 1: 114 female undergraduates, age range = 18–26 years), subliminal semantic love priming (Study 2: 110 female undergraduates, age range = 18–25 years), and baseline conditions (Studies 1 and 2). Those with high levels of chronic jealousy showed significantly increased attention to and difficulty disengaging attention from attractive rivals when subliminally primed with love. This provides further evidence, from an Eastern cultural context, for the existence of attentional biases toward attractive alternatives and rivals in early stage attentional processes for relationship maintenance. This research also illustrates the important role of romantic love in maintaining long-term romantic relationships.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Yidan Ma
AU  - Weifeng Xue
AU  - Guang Zhao
AU  - 涂燊
AU  - Yong Zheng
T1  - Romantic Love and Attentional Biases Toward Attractive Alternatives and Rivals: Long-Term Relationship Maintenance Among Female Chinese College Students
JO  - Evolutionary Psychology
PY  - 2019
VL  - 17
DO  - 10.1177/1474704919897601
AB  - Studies about heterosexual individuals’ long-term relationship maintenance have indicated that committed individuals possess evolved psychological mechanisms that help protect their ongoing romantic relationships against threats from attractive others during early stage attentional processing when mating-related motivation is activated. In this study, two experiments tested the relationship maintenance mechanism among committed female college students in the Chinese cultural context under different love priming conditions. Committed Chinese women displayed inattention to attractive alternatives in positive love-scenario priming (Study 1: 114 female undergraduates, age range = 18–26 years), subliminal semantic love priming (Study 2: 110 female undergraduates, age range = 18–25 years), and baseline conditions (Studies 1 and 2). Those with high levels of chronic jealousy showed significantly increased attention to and difficulty disengaging attention from attractive rivals when subliminally primed with love. This provides further evidence, from an Eastern cultural context, for the existence of attentional biases toward attractive alternatives and rivals in early stage attentional processes for relationship maintenance. This research also illustrates the important role of romantic love in maintaining long-term romantic relationships.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{39f739b5924e5c49ff954076edc7b11aba84789b,
  author = {Helen E. Fisher},
  title = {Lust, Attraction, Attachment: Biology and Evolution of the Three Primary Emotion Systems for Mating, Reproduction, and Parenting},
  journal = {Journal of Sex Education and Therapy},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {104 - 96},
  doi = {10.1080/01614576.2000.11074334},
  abstract = {Humans and other mammals have evolved three primary emotion systems for mating, reproduction, and parenting: the sex drive, or lust, characterized by the craving for sexual gratification; attraction, characterized by increased energy and focused attention on one or more potential mates, accompanied in humans by exhilaration, intrusive thinking, and craving for emotional union; and attachment, characterized by close social contact and feelings of calm, comfort, and emotional union. Each emotion system is associated with a discrete constellation of brain circuits, and each evolved to direct a specific aspect of mating and reproduction. The psychophysiological properties of romantic attraction suggest that this emotion system is associated with increased levels of dopamine and norepinephrine and decreased levels of serotonin in the brain; a study using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is in progress to investigate the neural architecture of this primary emotion system. During the course of hominid evolution these three emotion systems became increasingly independent of one another, contributing to modern patterns of marriage, adultery, and divorce as well as to the worldwide incidence of stalking, homicide, suicide, and clinical depression associated with rejection in love.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Helen E. Fisher
T1  - Lust, Attraction, Attachment: Biology and Evolution of the Three Primary Emotion Systems for Mating, Reproduction, and Parenting
JO  - Journal of Sex Education and Therapy
PY  - 2000
VL  - 25
SP  - 104 - 96
EP  - 104 - 96
DO  - 10.1080/01614576.2000.11074334
AB  - Humans and other mammals have evolved three primary emotion systems for mating, reproduction, and parenting: the sex drive, or lust, characterized by the craving for sexual gratification; attraction, characterized by increased energy and focused attention on one or more potential mates, accompanied in humans by exhilaration, intrusive thinking, and craving for emotional union; and attachment, characterized by close social contact and feelings of calm, comfort, and emotional union. Each emotion system is associated with a discrete constellation of brain circuits, and each evolved to direct a specific aspect of mating and reproduction. The psychophysiological properties of romantic attraction suggest that this emotion system is associated with increased levels of dopamine and norepinephrine and decreased levels of serotonin in the brain; a study using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is in progress to investigate the neural architecture of this primary emotion system. During the course of hominid evolution these three emotion systems became increasingly independent of one another, contributing to modern patterns of marriage, adultery, and divorce as well as to the worldwide incidence of stalking, homicide, suicide, and clinical depression associated with rejection in love.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{b57edb8f1a465bcc18e145bfe07ae606f1c9d5c1,
  author = {Adam Bode and L. Kuula},
  title = {Romantic Love and Sleep Variations: Potential Proximate Mechanisms and Evolutionary Functions},
  journal = {Biology},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {10},
  doi = {10.3390/biology10090923},
  abstract = {Simple Summary Romantic love is a topic of immense interest to scientists and the general public. This article defines and describes romantic love and sleep. It then summarises what research says about sleep in people experiencing romantic love. People in love experience changes in their sleep. We explain why people in love may experience sleep changes and what evolutionary purpose they might serve. We suggest that we are not able to determine whether sleep changes are a result of evolution or a secondary consequence. We finish by suggesting ideas for future research. Abstract This article provides a narrative review of what is known about romantic love and sleep variations and provides possible explanations for the association. Romantic love and sleep are described using a comprehensive, unifying framework advocated by Tinbergen. We summarise the findings of studies investigating the relationship between romantic love and sleep. Sleep variations are associated with romantic love in adolescents and young adults. We then detail some proximate mechanisms that may contribute to sleep variations in people experiencing romantic love before considering potential evolutionary functions of sleep variations in people experiencing romantic love. The relationship between symptoms of psychopathology and sleep variations in people experiencing romantic love is described. With the current state of knowledge, it is not possible to determine whether sleep variations associated with romantic love are adaptations or by-products of romantic love. We conclude by proposing areas for future research.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Adam Bode
AU  - L. Kuula
T1  - Romantic Love and Sleep Variations: Potential Proximate Mechanisms and Evolutionary Functions
JO  - Biology
PY  - 2021
VL  - 10
DO  - 10.3390/biology10090923
AB  - Simple Summary Romantic love is a topic of immense interest to scientists and the general public. This article defines and describes romantic love and sleep. It then summarises what research says about sleep in people experiencing romantic love. People in love experience changes in their sleep. We explain why people in love may experience sleep changes and what evolutionary purpose they might serve. We suggest that we are not able to determine whether sleep changes are a result of evolution or a secondary consequence. We finish by suggesting ideas for future research. Abstract This article provides a narrative review of what is known about romantic love and sleep variations and provides possible explanations for the association. Romantic love and sleep are described using a comprehensive, unifying framework advocated by Tinbergen. We summarise the findings of studies investigating the relationship between romantic love and sleep. Sleep variations are associated with romantic love in adolescents and young adults. We then detail some proximate mechanisms that may contribute to sleep variations in people experiencing romantic love before considering potential evolutionary functions of sleep variations in people experiencing romantic love. The relationship between symptoms of psychopathology and sleep variations in people experiencing romantic love is described. With the current state of knowledge, it is not possible to determine whether sleep variations associated with romantic love are adaptations or by-products of romantic love. We conclude by proposing areas for future research.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{cbd46306b4defdbd912469a86943ad831568ebef,
  author = {Sergei Kliman},
  title = {The role of love affection in the formation of social cooperation and caring for offspring in humans and animals},
  journal = {},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {},
  pages = {74-77},
  doi = {10.21847/1728-9343.2017.5(151).117408},
  abstract = {This paper is devoted to the theme of the role of love affection in the social life of animals and humans. Attention is drawn to the importance of empathy among some species of monogamous mammals, which played an important role in the development of love relationships. The hypothesis of anthropologist Owen Lovejoy is considered, according to which love and care played an exceptionally important role in the evolution of early hominids, which became a possible cause of canine reduction, concealed ovulation, development of bipedal and brain enlargement. The family relationship of the ancient ardipithecus is the key to understanding the evolution of Homo sapiens. The hypothesis of the Black Queen is analyzed, which suggests one of the explanations for the popularity of sexual reproduction among eukaryotic organisms.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Sergei Kliman
T1  - The role of love affection in the formation of social cooperation and caring for offspring in humans and animals
PY  - 2017
SP  - 74-77
EP  - 74-77
DO  - 10.21847/1728-9343.2017.5(151).117408
AB  - This paper is devoted to the theme of the role of love affection in the social life of animals and humans. Attention is drawn to the importance of empathy among some species of monogamous mammals, which played an important role in the development of love relationships. The hypothesis of anthropologist Owen Lovejoy is considered, according to which love and care played an exceptionally important role in the evolution of early hominids, which became a possible cause of canine reduction, concealed ovulation, development of bipedal and brain enlargement. The family relationship of the ancient ardipithecus is the key to understanding the evolution of Homo sapiens. The hypothesis of the Black Queen is analyzed, which suggests one of the explanations for the popularity of sexual reproduction among eukaryotic organisms.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{69239f7a20f8dc218152981cb77743c07d1ef6e2,
  author = {Bianca P. Acevedo and A. Aron and Helen E. Fisher and L. Brown},
  title = {Neural correlates of long-term intense romantic love.},
  journal = {Social cognitive and affective neuroscience},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {7 2},
  pages = {
          145-59
        },
  doi = {10.1093/scan/nsq092},
  abstract = {The present study examined the neural correlates of long-term intense romantic love using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Ten women and 7 men married an average of 21.4 years underwent fMRI while viewing facial images of their partner. Control images included a highly familiar acquaintance; a close, long-term friend; and a low-familiar person. Effects specific to the intensely loved, long-term partner were found in: (i) areas of the dopamine-rich reward and basal ganglia system, such as the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and dorsal striatum, consistent with results from early-stage romantic love studies; and (ii) several regions implicated in maternal attachment, such as the globus pallidus (GP), substantia nigra, Raphe nucleus, thalamus, insular cortex, anterior cingulate and posterior cingulate. Correlations of neural activity in regions of interest with widely used questionnaires showed: (i) VTA and caudate responses correlated with romantic love scores and inclusion of other in the self; (ii) GP responses correlated with friendship-based love scores; (iii) hypothalamus and posterior hippocampus responses correlated with sexual frequency; and (iv) caudate, septum/fornix, posterior cingulate and posterior hippocampus responses correlated with obsession. Overall, results suggest that for some individuals the reward-value associated with a long-term partner may be sustained, similar to new love, but also involves brain systems implicated in attachment and pair-bonding.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Bianca P. Acevedo
AU  - A. Aron
AU  - Helen E. Fisher
AU  - L. Brown
T1  - Neural correlates of long-term intense romantic love.
JO  - Social cognitive and affective neuroscience
PY  - 2012
VL  - 7 2
SP  - 
          145-59
        
EP  - 
          145-59
        
DO  - 10.1093/scan/nsq092
AB  - The present study examined the neural correlates of long-term intense romantic love using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Ten women and 7 men married an average of 21.4 years underwent fMRI while viewing facial images of their partner. Control images included a highly familiar acquaintance; a close, long-term friend; and a low-familiar person. Effects specific to the intensely loved, long-term partner were found in: (i) areas of the dopamine-rich reward and basal ganglia system, such as the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and dorsal striatum, consistent with results from early-stage romantic love studies; and (ii) several regions implicated in maternal attachment, such as the globus pallidus (GP), substantia nigra, Raphe nucleus, thalamus, insular cortex, anterior cingulate and posterior cingulate. Correlations of neural activity in regions of interest with widely used questionnaires showed: (i) VTA and caudate responses correlated with romantic love scores and inclusion of other in the self; (ii) GP responses correlated with friendship-based love scores; (iii) hypothalamus and posterior hippocampus responses correlated with sexual frequency; and (iv) caudate, septum/fornix, posterior cingulate and posterior hippocampus responses correlated with obsession. Overall, results suggest that for some individuals the reward-value associated with a long-term partner may be sustained, similar to new love, but also involves brain systems implicated in attachment and pair-bonding.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{444913cb5f230544a89351d6e4ed42bb69332f49,
  author = {Bianca P. Acevedo and Michael Poulin and N. Collins and L. Brown},
  title = {After the Honeymoon: Neural and Genetic Correlates of Romantic Love in Newlywed Marriages},
  journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {11},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00634},
  abstract = {In Western culture, romantic love is commonly a basis for marriage. Although it is associated with relationship satisfaction, stability, and individual well-being, many couples experience declines in romantic love. In newlyweds, specifically, changes in love predict marital outcomes. However, the biological mechanisms underlying the critical transition to marriage are unknown. Thus, for the first time, we explored the neural and genetic correlates of romantic love in newlyweds. Nineteen first-time newlyweds were scanned (with functional MRI) while viewing face images of the partner versus a familiar acquaintance, around the time of the wedding (T1) and 1 year after (T2). They also provided saliva samples for genetic analysis (AVPR1a rs3, OXTR rs53576, COMT rs4680, and DRD4-7R), and completed self-report measures of relationship quality including the Eros (romantic love) scale. We hypothesized that romantic love is a developed form of the mammalian drive to find, and keep, preferred mates; and that its maintenance is orchestrated by the brain’s reward system. Results showed that, at both time points, romantic love maintenance (Eros difference score: T2-T1) was associated with activation of the dopamine-rich substantia nigra in response to face images of the partner. Interactions with vasopressin, oxytocin, and dopamine genes implicated in pair-bonding (AVPR1a rs3, OXTR rs53576, COMT rs4680, and DRD4-7R) also conferred strong activation in the dopamine-rich ventral tegmental area at both time points. Consistent with work highlighting the role of sexual intimacy in relationships, romantic love maintenance showed correlations in the paracentral lobule (genital region) and cortical areas involved in sensory and cognitive processing (occipital, angular gyrus, insular cortex). These findings suggest that romantic love, and its maintenance, are orchestrated by dopamine-, vasopressin- and oxytocin-rich brain regions, as seen in humans and other monogamous animals. We also provide genetic evidence of polymorphisms associated with oxytocin, vasopressin and dopamine function that affect the propensity to sustain romantic love in early stage marriages. We conclude that romantic love maintenance is part of a broad mammalian strategy for reproduction and long-term attachment that is influenced by basic reward circuitry, complex cognitive processes, and genetic factors.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Bianca P. Acevedo
AU  - Michael Poulin
AU  - N. Collins
AU  - L. Brown
T1  - After the Honeymoon: Neural and Genetic Correlates of Romantic Love in Newlywed Marriages
JO  - Frontiers in Psychology
PY  - 2020
VL  - 11
DO  - 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00634
AB  - In Western culture, romantic love is commonly a basis for marriage. Although it is associated with relationship satisfaction, stability, and individual well-being, many couples experience declines in romantic love. In newlyweds, specifically, changes in love predict marital outcomes. However, the biological mechanisms underlying the critical transition to marriage are unknown. Thus, for the first time, we explored the neural and genetic correlates of romantic love in newlyweds. Nineteen first-time newlyweds were scanned (with functional MRI) while viewing face images of the partner versus a familiar acquaintance, around the time of the wedding (T1) and 1 year after (T2). They also provided saliva samples for genetic analysis (AVPR1a rs3, OXTR rs53576, COMT rs4680, and DRD4-7R), and completed self-report measures of relationship quality including the Eros (romantic love) scale. We hypothesized that romantic love is a developed form of the mammalian drive to find, and keep, preferred mates; and that its maintenance is orchestrated by the brain’s reward system. Results showed that, at both time points, romantic love maintenance (Eros difference score: T2-T1) was associated with activation of the dopamine-rich substantia nigra in response to face images of the partner. Interactions with vasopressin, oxytocin, and dopamine genes implicated in pair-bonding (AVPR1a rs3, OXTR rs53576, COMT rs4680, and DRD4-7R) also conferred strong activation in the dopamine-rich ventral tegmental area at both time points. Consistent with work highlighting the role of sexual intimacy in relationships, romantic love maintenance showed correlations in the paracentral lobule (genital region) and cortical areas involved in sensory and cognitive processing (occipital, angular gyrus, insular cortex). These findings suggest that romantic love, and its maintenance, are orchestrated by dopamine-, vasopressin- and oxytocin-rich brain regions, as seen in humans and other monogamous animals. We also provide genetic evidence of polymorphisms associated with oxytocin, vasopressin and dopamine function that affect the propensity to sustain romantic love in early stage marriages. We conclude that romantic love maintenance is part of a broad mammalian strategy for reproduction and long-term attachment that is influenced by basic reward circuitry, complex cognitive processes, and genetic factors.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{839310220ac7e3de38aec10f39400abf8fad8431,
  author = {M. Shobitha and J. Agarwal},
  title = {Hypothesis formulation for Integrated Neuroendocrinal Mechanisms for Pair Bonding, Romantic Love, Maternal and Paternal Love},
  journal = {International Journal of Physiology},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {73-77},
  abstract = {Affiliation, pair bonding and love are important for survival, health and happiness. On the basis of various studies on neural mechanisms, endocrinal and genetic factors involved in various kinds of love, the purpose of this article is to hypothesize comprehensive, integrated neuroendocrinal mechanisms involved in pair bonding, romantic love, maternal and paternal love. The postulation depicted as flow charts at the end of this article seems to be triggered by various factors involving multiple neuroendocrinal mechanisms. It is concluded that the physiological mechanisms involved and the brain areas activated in each of these differ and the representation of postulated comprehensive mechanism in this article is an attempt to add a new dimension to understand the science of a very basic human quality of love.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - M. Shobitha
AU  - J. Agarwal
T1  - Hypothesis formulation for Integrated Neuroendocrinal Mechanisms for Pair Bonding, Romantic Love, Maternal and Paternal Love
JO  - International Journal of Physiology
PY  - 2013
VL  - 1
SP  - 73-77
EP  - 73-77
AB  - Affiliation, pair bonding and love are important for survival, health and happiness. On the basis of various studies on neural mechanisms, endocrinal and genetic factors involved in various kinds of love, the purpose of this article is to hypothesize comprehensive, integrated neuroendocrinal mechanisms involved in pair bonding, romantic love, maternal and paternal love. The postulation depicted as flow charts at the end of this article seems to be triggered by various factors involving multiple neuroendocrinal mechanisms. It is concluded that the physiological mechanisms involved and the brain areas activated in each of these differ and the representation of postulated comprehensive mechanism in this article is an attempt to add a new dimension to understand the science of a very basic human quality of love.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{379557ad0290aa0cc6cfa6c6cd6133455f97703a,
  author = {E. Emanuele},
  title = {NGF and romantic love.},
  journal = {Archives italiennes de biologie},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {149 2},
  pages = {
          265-8
        },
  doi = {10.4449/aib.v149i2.1367},
  abstract = {Romantic love is the catalyst behind the spread of the human life. The neurobiology of love embraces the hypothesis that what we call "romantic attachment" or "romantic love" may be at least in part the expression of biological factors. A corollary of this hypothesis states that it is possible to learn much about the nature of human love by studying the molecules involved in the expression of social and affiliative behaviours. Under this theoretical framework, we have investigated the changes in plasma neurotrophin levels in subjects with early stage romantic love. A positive association between the intensity of early romantic feelings and serum levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) has been identified. These findings link love with biologically relevant pathways for neuron survival and illuminate the biochemical correlates of such a complex feeling that so deeply affects our own lives. The progresses in the neurobiology of love suggest that this kind of research may open a new window onto our understanding of the very nature of human romantic bonding.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - E. Emanuele
T1  - NGF and romantic love.
JO  - Archives italiennes de biologie
PY  - 2011
VL  - 149 2
SP  - 
          265-8
        
EP  - 
          265-8
        
DO  - 10.4449/aib.v149i2.1367
AB  - Romantic love is the catalyst behind the spread of the human life. The neurobiology of love embraces the hypothesis that what we call "romantic attachment" or "romantic love" may be at least in part the expression of biological factors. A corollary of this hypothesis states that it is possible to learn much about the nature of human love by studying the molecules involved in the expression of social and affiliative behaviours. Under this theoretical framework, we have investigated the changes in plasma neurotrophin levels in subjects with early stage romantic love. A positive association between the intensity of early romantic feelings and serum levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) has been identified. These findings link love with biologically relevant pathways for neuron survival and illuminate the biochemical correlates of such a complex feeling that so deeply affects our own lives. The progresses in the neurobiology of love suggest that this kind of research may open a new window onto our understanding of the very nature of human romantic bonding.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{3d11b3b2c476d6b2e68346c36f21dc3faf8023a7,
  author = {Paula Cañaveras and Garazi López de Aguileta and Mengna Guo and Elisabeth Torras-Gómez and Alba Crespo-López and Benjamín Menéndez-Martínez and Maria del Pilar Fernández-González and Lidia Puigvert-Mallart and Ramón Flecha},
  title = {The Characteristics versus the “Myths” of Romantic Love},
  journal = {Social and Education History},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.17583/hse.14505},
  abstract = {The scientific literature has already demonstrated the benefits of romantic love as a key protective factor in the prevention of violence. Some recent publications affirm that romantic love is a powerful cause of gender violence following two steps. First, they attribute a list of causes of violence to romantic love calling them “the myths of romantic love”, including lack of freedom and the normalization of coercion. Nonetheless, research has not explored in depth yet whether what they call “romantic love myths” are consubstantial characteristics of romantic love or not. To that end, this study conducts a historical literature review of scientific articles, books, literary and musical works from diverse cultures and periods. Findings show those myths are not characteristics of romantic love; on the contrary, the literature reviewed shows six main characteristics of romantic love that demonstrate it is the opposite of those myths, as it has freed women from feudal and other subjugations throughout history.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Paula Cañaveras
AU  - Garazi López de Aguileta
AU  - Mengna Guo
AU  - Elisabeth Torras-Gómez
AU  - Alba Crespo-López
AU  - Benjamín Menéndez-Martínez
AU  - Maria del Pilar Fernández-González
AU  - Lidia Puigvert-Mallart
AU  - Ramón Flecha
T1  - The Characteristics versus the “Myths” of Romantic Love
JO  - Social and Education History
PY  - 2024
DO  - 10.17583/hse.14505
AB  - The scientific literature has already demonstrated the benefits of romantic love as a key protective factor in the prevention of violence. Some recent publications affirm that romantic love is a powerful cause of gender violence following two steps. First, they attribute a list of causes of violence to romantic love calling them “the myths of romantic love”, including lack of freedom and the normalization of coercion. Nonetheless, research has not explored in depth yet whether what they call “romantic love myths” are consubstantial characteristics of romantic love or not. To that end, this study conducts a historical literature review of scientific articles, books, literary and musical works from diverse cultures and periods. Findings show those myths are not characteristics of romantic love; on the contrary, the literature reviewed shows six main characteristics of romantic love that demonstrate it is the opposite of those myths, as it has freed women from feudal and other subjugations throughout history.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{4676867f0f112c7f9e11d2d02db5d0aa6ece42f3,
  author = {Paul W. Eastwick},
  title = {The Emerging Integration of Close Relationships Research and Evolutionary Psychology},
  journal = {Current Directions in Psychological Science},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {183 - 190},
  doi = {10.1177/0963721416641048},
  abstract = {Romantic relationships are a central focus of scientific inquiry within two psychological literatures—those on close relationships and evolutionary psychology—yet attempts to bridge these topics have been surprisingly rare. Recently, several lines of research have begun drawing from the methodological and theoretical traditions of each literature to inform the other. For example, evolutionary perspectives have recently made important contributions to the study of romantic relationships by highlighting the positive effects of negative emotions (e.g., jealousy) and the potentially negative implications of hormonal contraception use. In addition, the emphasis in the close relationships literature on relationship development over time has begun to refine scholars’ understanding of the ubiquitous evolutionary psychological distinction between short-term and long-term relationships as well as the classic concept of mate value. These lines of work exemplify how the edges of two intersecting literatures can generate intellectual sparks that ignite both fields.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Paul W. Eastwick
T1  - The Emerging Integration of Close Relationships Research and Evolutionary Psychology
JO  - Current Directions in Psychological Science
PY  - 2016
VL  - 25
SP  - 183 - 190
EP  - 183 - 190
DO  - 10.1177/0963721416641048
AB  - Romantic relationships are a central focus of scientific inquiry within two psychological literatures—those on close relationships and evolutionary psychology—yet attempts to bridge these topics have been surprisingly rare. Recently, several lines of research have begun drawing from the methodological and theoretical traditions of each literature to inform the other. For example, evolutionary perspectives have recently made important contributions to the study of romantic relationships by highlighting the positive effects of negative emotions (e.g., jealousy) and the potentially negative implications of hormonal contraception use. In addition, the emphasis in the close relationships literature on relationship development over time has begun to refine scholars’ understanding of the ubiquitous evolutionary psychological distinction between short-term and long-term relationships as well as the classic concept of mate value. These lines of work exemplify how the edges of two intersecting literatures can generate intellectual sparks that ignite both fields.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{fc5fbd99eb1883ee85a56b98edd3c214cbde5dc8,
  author = {Meike Scheller and Alexandra A. de Sousa and L. Brotto and A. Little},
  title = {The Role of Sexual and Romantic Attraction in Human Mate Preferences},
  journal = {The Journal of Sex Research},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {61},
  pages = {299 - 312},
  doi = {10.1080/00224499.2023.2176811},
  abstract = {ABSTRACT Sex differences in mate preferences are ubiquitous, having been evidenced across generations and cultures. Their prevalence and persistence have compellingly placed them in the evolutionarily adaptive context of sexual selection. However, the psycho-biological mechanisms contributing to their generation and maintenance remain poorly understood. As such a mechanism, sexual attraction is assumed to guide interest, desire, and the affinity toward specific partner features. However, whether sexual attraction can indeed explain sex differences in partner preferences has not been explicitly tested. To better understand how sex and sexual attraction shape mate preferences in humans we assessed how partner preferences differed across the spectrum of sexual attraction in a sample of 479 individuals that identified as asexual, gray-sexual, demisexual or allosexual. We further tested whether romantic attraction predicted preference profiles better than sexual attraction. Our results show that sexual attraction accounts for highly replicable sex differences in mate preferences for high social status and financial prospects, conscientiousness, and intelligence; however, it does not account for the enhanced preference for physical attractiveness expressed by men, which persists even in individuals with low sexual attraction. Instead, sex differences in physical attractiveness preference are better explained by the degree of romantic attraction. Furthermore, effects of sexual attraction on sex differences in partner preferences were grounded in current rather than previous experiences of sexual attraction. Taken together, the results support the idea that contemporary sex differences in partner preferences are maintained by several psycho-biological mechanisms that evolved in conjunction, including not only sexual but also romantic attraction.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Meike Scheller
AU  - Alexandra A. de Sousa
AU  - L. Brotto
AU  - A. Little
T1  - The Role of Sexual and Romantic Attraction in Human Mate Preferences
JO  - The Journal of Sex Research
PY  - 2023
VL  - 61
SP  - 299 - 312
EP  - 299 - 312
DO  - 10.1080/00224499.2023.2176811
AB  - ABSTRACT Sex differences in mate preferences are ubiquitous, having been evidenced across generations and cultures. Their prevalence and persistence have compellingly placed them in the evolutionarily adaptive context of sexual selection. However, the psycho-biological mechanisms contributing to their generation and maintenance remain poorly understood. As such a mechanism, sexual attraction is assumed to guide interest, desire, and the affinity toward specific partner features. However, whether sexual attraction can indeed explain sex differences in partner preferences has not been explicitly tested. To better understand how sex and sexual attraction shape mate preferences in humans we assessed how partner preferences differed across the spectrum of sexual attraction in a sample of 479 individuals that identified as asexual, gray-sexual, demisexual or allosexual. We further tested whether romantic attraction predicted preference profiles better than sexual attraction. Our results show that sexual attraction accounts for highly replicable sex differences in mate preferences for high social status and financial prospects, conscientiousness, and intelligence; however, it does not account for the enhanced preference for physical attractiveness expressed by men, which persists even in individuals with low sexual attraction. Instead, sex differences in physical attractiveness preference are better explained by the degree of romantic attraction. Furthermore, effects of sexual attraction on sex differences in partner preferences were grounded in current rather than previous experiences of sexual attraction. Taken together, the results support the idea that contemporary sex differences in partner preferences are maintained by several psycho-biological mechanisms that evolved in conjunction, including not only sexual but also romantic attraction.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{a9f010aaefaaee20ab5ba175ba51e1991a5d896e,
  author = {G. Birnbaum},
  title = {Bound to interact: The divergent goals and complex interplay of attachment and sex within romantic relationships},
  journal = {Journal of Social and Personal Relationships},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {245 - 252},
  doi = {10.1177/0265407509360902},
  abstract = {Attachment and sexual mating are distinct behavioral systems that serve different evolutionary functions. Although their behavioral manifestations may occur in isolation, romantic partners typically function simultaneously as sexual partners and as attachment figures. In recent years, researchers have focused their attention on the complex interplay between attachment processes and the sexual aspects of romantic love. In this manuscript, I review research that demonstrates the reciprocal relationship between these two systems. I also present new findings concerning whether and how reactions characteristic of the sexual system serve attachment-related goals, primarily in situations that call for distress regulation, and how these reactions are moderated by attachment insecurities. The research conducted to date points to the need for us to understand how the attachment and sexual systems mutually influence each other at different stages of relationship development.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - G. Birnbaum
T1  - Bound to interact: The divergent goals and complex interplay of attachment and sex within romantic relationships
JO  - Journal of Social and Personal Relationships
PY  - 2010
VL  - 27
SP  - 245 - 252
EP  - 245 - 252
DO  - 10.1177/0265407509360902
AB  - Attachment and sexual mating are distinct behavioral systems that serve different evolutionary functions. Although their behavioral manifestations may occur in isolation, romantic partners typically function simultaneously as sexual partners and as attachment figures. In recent years, researchers have focused their attention on the complex interplay between attachment processes and the sexual aspects of romantic love. In this manuscript, I review research that demonstrates the reciprocal relationship between these two systems. I also present new findings concerning whether and how reactions characteristic of the sexual system serve attachment-related goals, primarily in situations that call for distress regulation, and how these reactions are moderated by attachment insecurities. The research conducted to date points to the need for us to understand how the attachment and sexual systems mutually influence each other at different stages of relationship development.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{8040877a641542acd3d7ec015bfc4578ddec00bd,
  author = {J. Carbone and Naomi R. Cahn},
  title = {Examining the biological bases of family law: lessons to be learned for the evolutionary analysis of law∗},
  journal = {International Journal of Law in Context},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {277 - 292},
  doi = {10.1017/S1744552306003053},
  abstract = {This article critically examines the insights that biology (including evolutionary analysis and neuroscience data) offers for understanding the relationship between family law and family stability. The paper initially considers evolutionary analysis, comparative anatomy, and neuroscience data to conclude that while the pair bond appears to be a universal feature of human societies, long-term fidelity is not. The second part of the paper considers the benefits and limitations of evolutionary analysis concluding, first, that evolutionary analysis, without connection to modern neuroscience or sociological data, remains highly speculative; second, that where the evolutionary analysis is borne out by modern neuroscience and/or sociological data, it is more persuasive, but often leads to obvious conclusions; and third, that undertaking this type of examination nonetheless leads to new insights or new questions that should prompt productive research.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - J. Carbone
AU  - Naomi R. Cahn
T1  - Examining the biological bases of family law: lessons to be learned for the evolutionary analysis of law∗
JO  - International Journal of Law in Context
PY  - 2006
VL  - 2
SP  - 277 - 292
EP  - 277 - 292
DO  - 10.1017/S1744552306003053
AB  - This article critically examines the insights that biology (including evolutionary analysis and neuroscience data) offers for understanding the relationship between family law and family stability. The paper initially considers evolutionary analysis, comparative anatomy, and neuroscience data to conclude that while the pair bond appears to be a universal feature of human societies, long-term fidelity is not. The second part of the paper considers the benefits and limitations of evolutionary analysis concluding, first, that evolutionary analysis, without connection to modern neuroscience or sociological data, remains highly speculative; second, that where the evolutionary analysis is borne out by modern neuroscience and/or sociological data, it is more persuasive, but often leads to obvious conclusions; and third, that undertaking this type of examination nonetheless leads to new insights or new questions that should prompt productive research.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{0b3d9be2255d6eacb42ac6d2c5449a6aa1266a9e,
  author = {Helen E. Fisher and A. Aron and L. Brown},
  title = {Romantic love: An fMRI study of a neural mechanism for mate choice},
  journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {493},
  doi = {10.1002/cne.20772},
  abstract = {Scientists have described myriad traits in mammalian and avian species that evolved to attract mates. But the brain mechanisms by which conspecifics become attracted to these traits is largely unknown. Yet mammals and birds express mate preferences and make mate choices, and data suggest that this “attraction system” is associated with the dopaminergic reward system. It has been proposed that intense romantic love, a cross‐cultural universal, is a developed form of this attraction system. To determine the neural mechanisms associated with romantic love we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and studied 17 people who were intensely “in love” (Aron et al. [2005] J Neurophysiol 94:327–337). Activation specific to the beloved occurred in the right ventral tegmental area and right caudate nucleus, dopamine‐rich areas associated with mammalian reward and motivation. These and other results suggest that dopaminergic reward pathways contribute to the “general arousal” component of romantic love; romantic love is primarily a motivation system, rather than an emotion; this drive is distinct from the sex drive; romantic love changes across time; and romantic love shares biobehavioral similarities with mammalian attraction. We propose that this attraction mechanism evolved to enable individuals to focus their mating energy on specific others, thereby conserving energy and facilitating mate choice—a primary aspect of reproduction. Last, the corticostriate system, with its potential for combining diverse cortical information with reward signals, is an excellent anatomical substrate for the complex factors contributing to romantic love and mate choice. J. Comp. Neurol. 493:58–62, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Helen E. Fisher
AU  - A. Aron
AU  - L. Brown
T1  - Romantic love: An fMRI study of a neural mechanism for mate choice
JO  - Journal of Comparative Neurology
PY  - 2005
VL  - 493
DO  - 10.1002/cne.20772
AB  - Scientists have described myriad traits in mammalian and avian species that evolved to attract mates. But the brain mechanisms by which conspecifics become attracted to these traits is largely unknown. Yet mammals and birds express mate preferences and make mate choices, and data suggest that this “attraction system” is associated with the dopaminergic reward system. It has been proposed that intense romantic love, a cross‐cultural universal, is a developed form of this attraction system. To determine the neural mechanisms associated with romantic love we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and studied 17 people who were intensely “in love” (Aron et al. [2005] J Neurophysiol 94:327–337). Activation specific to the beloved occurred in the right ventral tegmental area and right caudate nucleus, dopamine‐rich areas associated with mammalian reward and motivation. These and other results suggest that dopaminergic reward pathways contribute to the “general arousal” component of romantic love; romantic love is primarily a motivation system, rather than an emotion; this drive is distinct from the sex drive; romantic love changes across time; and romantic love shares biobehavioral similarities with mammalian attraction. We propose that this attraction mechanism evolved to enable individuals to focus their mating energy on specific others, thereby conserving energy and facilitating mate choice—a primary aspect of reproduction. Last, the corticostriate system, with its potential for combining diverse cortical information with reward signals, is an excellent anatomical substrate for the complex factors contributing to romantic love and mate choice. J. Comp. Neurol. 493:58–62, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{69c2c3a044ce4844aaea40f1d60b662860915de5,
  author = {Ahra Ko and C. M. Pick and J. Y. Kwon and M. Barlev and J. Krems and Michael E. W. Varnum and Rebecca Neel and Mark Peysha and Watcharaporn Boonyasiriwat and E. Brandstätter and A. C. Crispim and Julio Eduardo Cruz and Daniel David and O. David and Renata Pereira de Felipe and Velichko H. Fetvadjiev and R. Fischer and Silvia Galdi and Oscar Galindo and G. Golovina and L. Gómez-Jacinto and S. Graf and I. Grossmann and Pelin Gul and T. Hamamura and Shihui Han and Hidefumi Hitokoto and M. Hřebíčková and J. L. Johnson and J. Karl and O. Malanchuk and Asuka Murata and Jinkyung Na and J. O and M. Rizwan and Erick Roth and Sergio Salgado and E. Samoylenko and T. Savchenko and A. Sevincer and Adrian Stanciu and E. Suh and T. Talhelm and Ayse K. Uskul and Irem Uz and D. Zambrano and D. Kenrick},
  title = {Family Matters: Rethinking the Psychology of Human Social Motivation},
  journal = {Perspectives on Psychological Science},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {173 - 201},
  doi = {10.1177/1745691619872986},
  abstract = {What motives do people prioritize in their social lives? Historically, social psychologists, especially those adopting an evolutionary perspective, have devoted a great deal of research attention to sexual attraction and romantic-partner choice (mate seeking). Research on long-term familial bonds (mate retention and kin care) has been less thoroughly connected to relevant comparative and evolutionary work on other species, and in the case of kin care, these bonds have been less well researched. Examining varied sources of data from 27 societies around the world, we found that people generally view familial motives as primary in importance and mate-seeking motives as relatively low in importance. Compared with other groups, college students, single people, and men place relatively higher emphasis on mate seeking, but even those samples rated kin-care motives as more important. Furthermore, motives linked to long-term familial bonds are positively associated with psychological well-being, but mate-seeking motives are associated with anxiety and depression. We address theoretical and empirical reasons why there has been extensive research on mate seeking and why people prioritize goals related to long-term familial bonds over mating goals. Reallocating relatively greater research effort toward long-term familial relationships would likely yield many interesting new findings relevant to everyday people’s highest social priorities.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Ahra Ko
AU  - C. M. Pick
AU  - J. Y. Kwon
AU  - M. Barlev
AU  - J. Krems
AU  - Michael E. W. Varnum
AU  - Rebecca Neel
AU  - Mark Peysha
AU  - Watcharaporn Boonyasiriwat
AU  - E. Brandstätter
AU  - A. C. Crispim
AU  - Julio Eduardo Cruz
AU  - Daniel David
AU  - O. David
AU  - Renata Pereira de Felipe
AU  - Velichko H. Fetvadjiev
AU  - R. Fischer
AU  - Silvia Galdi
AU  - Oscar Galindo
AU  - G. Golovina
AU  - L. Gómez-Jacinto
AU  - S. Graf
AU  - I. Grossmann
AU  - Pelin Gul
AU  - T. Hamamura
AU  - Shihui Han
AU  - Hidefumi Hitokoto
AU  - M. Hřebíčková
AU  - J. L. Johnson
AU  - J. Karl
AU  - O. Malanchuk
AU  - Asuka Murata
AU  - Jinkyung Na
AU  - J. O
AU  - M. Rizwan
AU  - Erick Roth
AU  - Sergio Salgado
AU  - E. Samoylenko
AU  - T. Savchenko
AU  - A. Sevincer
AU  - Adrian Stanciu
AU  - E. Suh
AU  - T. Talhelm
AU  - Ayse K. Uskul
AU  - Irem Uz
AU  - D. Zambrano
AU  - D. Kenrick
T1  - Family Matters: Rethinking the Psychology of Human Social Motivation
JO  - Perspectives on Psychological Science
PY  - 2019
VL  - 15
SP  - 173 - 201
EP  - 173 - 201
DO  - 10.1177/1745691619872986
AB  - What motives do people prioritize in their social lives? Historically, social psychologists, especially those adopting an evolutionary perspective, have devoted a great deal of research attention to sexual attraction and romantic-partner choice (mate seeking). Research on long-term familial bonds (mate retention and kin care) has been less thoroughly connected to relevant comparative and evolutionary work on other species, and in the case of kin care, these bonds have been less well researched. Examining varied sources of data from 27 societies around the world, we found that people generally view familial motives as primary in importance and mate-seeking motives as relatively low in importance. Compared with other groups, college students, single people, and men place relatively higher emphasis on mate seeking, but even those samples rated kin-care motives as more important. Furthermore, motives linked to long-term familial bonds are positively associated with psychological well-being, but mate-seeking motives are associated with anxiety and depression. We address theoretical and empirical reasons why there has been extensive research on mate seeking and why people prioritize goals related to long-term familial bonds over mating goals. Reallocating relatively greater research effort toward long-term familial relationships would likely yield many interesting new findings relevant to everyday people’s highest social priorities.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{46c10049e27fd03136f04b5f59bfdaa7fdbbdc1a,
  author = {Rei Shimoda},
  title = {Dimensions of the heterosexual bond : culture, personality and cycle effects},
  journal = {},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {},
  abstract = {Romantic love, sexual desire, and adult attachment mechanisms were proposed to be universal adaptations which initiate and maintain a pair-bond relationship with a selected partner. The main goal of the thesis was to explore the functions of the pair-bond mechanisms from an evolutionary perspective and to test whether these proposed mechanisms showed the characteristics expected of psychological systems designed to initiate and maintain a pair-bond. The life history theory assumes that, as the available resources and lifespan are limited, decisions regarding resource allocation (e.g., energy) involve trade-offs among life history tasks (e.g., reproduction, parenting). The theory implies that individuals in different circumstances should deal with trade-offs differently, and this may be reflected in the experiences of pair-bond relationships. I first selected prospective items in order to construct self-report measurements of pair-bond relationships (Chapter Two). These items were administered to Occidental and Japanese participants. Their responses were entered in a series of factor analyses in order to confirm factor structure underlying pair-bond relationships, and to develop and refine measurements to assess relationships dimensions (Chapter Three). For both cultural groups, six factors were generated: a romantic love related factor (obsession); three attachment-related factors (care-receiving, care-giving, separation distress); and two sexual desire-related factors (partner- and other-directed sexual desire). The developed scales and/or some of the selected items were used to assess whether individuals differed in the intensity of relationship dimensions as a function of sex (Chapters Four and Five), age (Chapter Four), relationship stage (Chapter Four), cultural background (Chapter Four), personality (Chapter Five) and female conception probability (Chapter Six). Results showed that the intensity of relationship dimensions differed between sexes, different age groups, relationship stages, cultural backgrounds, personalities, and menstrual phases. In fact, culture had a major impact on pair-bond relationship dimensions. The strong cultural influence found on the relationship dimensions suggests that this should not be ignored by evolutionary psychologists.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Rei Shimoda
T1  - Dimensions of the heterosexual bond : culture, personality and cycle effects
PY  - 2014
AB  - Romantic love, sexual desire, and adult attachment mechanisms were proposed to be universal adaptations which initiate and maintain a pair-bond relationship with a selected partner. The main goal of the thesis was to explore the functions of the pair-bond mechanisms from an evolutionary perspective and to test whether these proposed mechanisms showed the characteristics expected of psychological systems designed to initiate and maintain a pair-bond. The life history theory assumes that, as the available resources and lifespan are limited, decisions regarding resource allocation (e.g., energy) involve trade-offs among life history tasks (e.g., reproduction, parenting). The theory implies that individuals in different circumstances should deal with trade-offs differently, and this may be reflected in the experiences of pair-bond relationships. I first selected prospective items in order to construct self-report measurements of pair-bond relationships (Chapter Two). These items were administered to Occidental and Japanese participants. Their responses were entered in a series of factor analyses in order to confirm factor structure underlying pair-bond relationships, and to develop and refine measurements to assess relationships dimensions (Chapter Three). For both cultural groups, six factors were generated: a romantic love related factor (obsession); three attachment-related factors (care-receiving, care-giving, separation distress); and two sexual desire-related factors (partner- and other-directed sexual desire). The developed scales and/or some of the selected items were used to assess whether individuals differed in the intensity of relationship dimensions as a function of sex (Chapters Four and Five), age (Chapter Four), relationship stage (Chapter Four), cultural background (Chapter Four), personality (Chapter Five) and female conception probability (Chapter Six). Results showed that the intensity of relationship dimensions differed between sexes, different age groups, relationship stages, cultural backgrounds, personalities, and menstrual phases. In fact, culture had a major impact on pair-bond relationship dimensions. The strong cultural influence found on the relationship dimensions suggests that this should not be ignored by evolutionary psychologists.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{418b07b8b0264897d8de68c20ee0a6ae9c02c7f5,
  author = {D. Ausband},
  title = {Pair bonds, reproductive success, and rise of alternate mating strategies in a social carnivore},
  journal = {Behavioral Ecology},
  year = {2019},
  doi = {10.1093/BEHECO/ARZ126},
  abstract = {
 Monogamy is commonly observed across a wide variety of species and taxa and arises when young are altricial, parental investment in young is high, and mate monopolization is generally not possible. In such species, pairs may bond for multiple breeding seasons while successfully rearing young. Individuals, however, may attempt to bypass the dominant mating strategy particularly when breeding opportunities are limited. Currently, we do not know how pair bond duration affects the efficacy of alternative mating strategies in populations with a monogamous mating system. Additionally, inferences about pair bond effects on reproductive success (i.e., both clutch size and recruitment) are largely limited to long-lived birds and little is known about effects on mammalian cooperative breeders. I used genetic sampling and pedigrees to examine the effects of pair bond duration on reproductive success (i.e., litter size, recruitment) and mating strategies in a population of gray wolves (Canis lupus) in Idaho, USA. There was a positive, marginally significant relationship between pair bond duration and apparent survival of offspring. Increased pair bond duration was also associated with a dampening in the prevalence of other alternative mating strategies such as sneaker males and polygamy. The selective advantage of alternative mating strategies is a combination of population, group (for applicable species), individual, and social influences such as pair bonds. The distribution of pair bonds in a monogamous population affects the selective advantage, and hence frequency, of various mating strategies observed.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - D. Ausband
T1  - Pair bonds, reproductive success, and rise of alternate mating strategies in a social carnivore
JO  - Behavioral Ecology
PY  - 2019
DO  - 10.1093/BEHECO/ARZ126
AB  - 
 Monogamy is commonly observed across a wide variety of species and taxa and arises when young are altricial, parental investment in young is high, and mate monopolization is generally not possible. In such species, pairs may bond for multiple breeding seasons while successfully rearing young. Individuals, however, may attempt to bypass the dominant mating strategy particularly when breeding opportunities are limited. Currently, we do not know how pair bond duration affects the efficacy of alternative mating strategies in populations with a monogamous mating system. Additionally, inferences about pair bond effects on reproductive success (i.e., both clutch size and recruitment) are largely limited to long-lived birds and little is known about effects on mammalian cooperative breeders. I used genetic sampling and pedigrees to examine the effects of pair bond duration on reproductive success (i.e., litter size, recruitment) and mating strategies in a population of gray wolves (Canis lupus) in Idaho, USA. There was a positive, marginally significant relationship between pair bond duration and apparent survival of offspring. Increased pair bond duration was also associated with a dampening in the prevalence of other alternative mating strategies such as sneaker males and polygamy. The selective advantage of alternative mating strategies is a combination of population, group (for applicable species), individual, and social influences such as pair bonds. The distribution of pair bonds in a monogamous population affects the selective advantage, and hence frequency, of various mating strategies observed.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{8b8cb37875484be878db02d0f87a688f9697b4db,
  author = {Yidan Ma and Guang Zhao and 涂燊 and Yong Zheng},
  title = {Attentional Biases toward Attractive Alternatives and Rivals: Mechanisms Involved in Relationship Maintenance among Chinese Women},
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {10},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0136662},
  abstract = {A long-term romantic relationship can offer many benefits to committed individuals. Thus, humans possess relationship maintenance mechanisms to protect against threats from those who serve as attractive alternatives or intrasexual rivals. Many studies have indicated that romantic love can act as a commitment device to activate these mechanisms. To examine the attentional bias associated with relationship maintenance among 108 college students (49 single and 59 committed females) in China, we used a semantic priming procedure to activate mental representations associated with romantic love and then asked participants to complete a dot-probe task for the purpose of making a distinction between the engage and disengage components of attention. No significant engaging effects toward attractive faces were observed among committed females, but the following significant disengaging effects were found: when primed with romantic love, single females showed increased attention toward and difficulty in disengaging from attractive male faces, whereas females already in a committed relationship did not alter their attention, remaining as inattentive to attractive alternatives as they were in the baseline condition. In addition, committed females responded to love priming by exhibiting difficulty in disengaging from attractive rivals. The present findings provide evidence in the Chinese cultural context for the existence of early-stage attentional processes in the domain of relationship maintenance that committed Chinese females protected an ongoing relationship by not only being inattentive to attractive males who could serve as attractive alternatives, but also being more attentive to attractive females who could be potential rivals when mental representations associated with romantic love were primed.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Yidan Ma
AU  - Guang Zhao
AU  - 涂燊
AU  - Yong Zheng
T1  - Attentional Biases toward Attractive Alternatives and Rivals: Mechanisms Involved in Relationship Maintenance among Chinese Women
JO  - PLoS ONE
PY  - 2015
VL  - 10
DO  - 10.1371/journal.pone.0136662
AB  - A long-term romantic relationship can offer many benefits to committed individuals. Thus, humans possess relationship maintenance mechanisms to protect against threats from those who serve as attractive alternatives or intrasexual rivals. Many studies have indicated that romantic love can act as a commitment device to activate these mechanisms. To examine the attentional bias associated with relationship maintenance among 108 college students (49 single and 59 committed females) in China, we used a semantic priming procedure to activate mental representations associated with romantic love and then asked participants to complete a dot-probe task for the purpose of making a distinction between the engage and disengage components of attention. No significant engaging effects toward attractive faces were observed among committed females, but the following significant disengaging effects were found: when primed with romantic love, single females showed increased attention toward and difficulty in disengaging from attractive male faces, whereas females already in a committed relationship did not alter their attention, remaining as inattentive to attractive alternatives as they were in the baseline condition. In addition, committed females responded to love priming by exhibiting difficulty in disengaging from attractive rivals. The present findings provide evidence in the Chinese cultural context for the existence of early-stage attentional processes in the domain of relationship maintenance that committed Chinese females protected an ongoing relationship by not only being inattentive to attractive males who could serve as attractive alternatives, but also being more attentive to attractive females who could be potential rivals when mental representations associated with romantic love were primed.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{ee79e01b10d38a50ff4d26f18eb65ac7ea46dcf7,
  author = {L. Miller and William C. Pedersen and Anila Putcha-Bhagavatula},
  title = {Promiscuity in an evolved pair-bonding system: Mating within and outside the Pleistocene box},
  journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {28},
  pages = {290 - 291},
  doi = {10.1017/S0140525X05370051},
  abstract = {Across mammals, when fathers matter, as they did for hunter-gatherers, sex-similar pair-bonding mechanisms evolve. Attachment fertility theory can explain Schmitt's and other findings as resulting from a system of mechanisms affording pair-bonding in which promiscuous seeking is part. Departures from hunter-gatherer environments (e.g., early menarche, delayed marriage) can alter dating trajectories, thereby impacting mating outside of pair-bonds.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - L. Miller
AU  - William C. Pedersen
AU  - Anila Putcha-Bhagavatula
T1  - Promiscuity in an evolved pair-bonding system: Mating within and outside the Pleistocene box
JO  - Behavioral and Brain Sciences
PY  - 2005
VL  - 28
SP  - 290 - 291
EP  - 290 - 291
DO  - 10.1017/S0140525X05370051
AB  - Across mammals, when fathers matter, as they did for hunter-gatherers, sex-similar pair-bonding mechanisms evolve. Attachment fertility theory can explain Schmitt's and other findings as resulting from a system of mechanisms affording pair-bonding in which promiscuous seeking is part. Departures from hunter-gatherer environments (e.g., early menarche, delayed marriage) can alter dating trajectories, thereby impacting mating outside of pair-bonds.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{4cbbc44fc49f2facf4a38c5002bd9959b07e8a8b,
  author = {Dr Geoff Kushnick},
  title = {Ecology of Pairbond Stability},
  year = {2016},
  abstract = {Humans are a pairbonding species, and this is reflected in our behaviour and our physiology (Quinlan 2008). While their form and duration varies, pairbonds exist in all human societies—and there are very few, if any, exceptions to this rule. To understand the stability of pairbonds it is useful to look at the contexts under which they are unstable, to examine the factors that increase the probability of divorce or dissolution. These factors have been well studied by scholars in sociology, psychology, anthropology, medicine, and law. Despite this, the ecological factors driving pairbond stability and divorce have received much less attention in humans as they have in studies of other pairbonding species, like birds.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Dr Geoff Kushnick
T1  - Ecology of Pairbond Stability
PY  - 2016
AB  - Humans are a pairbonding species, and this is reflected in our behaviour and our physiology (Quinlan 2008). While their form and duration varies, pairbonds exist in all human societies—and there are very few, if any, exceptions to this rule. To understand the stability of pairbonds it is useful to look at the contexts under which they are unstable, to examine the factors that increase the probability of divorce or dissolution. These factors have been well studied by scholars in sociology, psychology, anthropology, medicine, and law. Despite this, the ecological factors driving pairbond stability and divorce have received much less attention in humans as they have in studies of other pairbonding species, like birds.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{549c04e46b53d5e8ab5116206545b925ab175bce,
  author = {William R. Jankowiak},
  title = {Is the pair bond a human universal? An analytical essay},
  journal = {International Review of Psychiatry},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {16 - 24},
  doi = {10.1080/09540261.2023.2176743},
  abstract = {Abstract I argue the impulse to form a dyadic love bond and not the desire for sexual release accounts for the formation of a universality of the pair bond. This impulse is not recent but has been a pervasive force throughout human history. Recently, a reversionist position has argued we are more of a hybrid species that easily and readily shifts between a pair bond and a plural partner family arrangement. Although most humans live out their lives in a sexually monogamous union, it is not something that comes easily or naturally. Sexual monogamy requires adopting an ethical stance and personal dedication to maintain it. This raises the question: if humans need to be vigilant in their moral commitment to remain sexually faithful, does this vigilance extend also to the domain of love? Is it possible to find greater contentment and life-satisfaction in forming simultaneously sexual and emotional unions with a variety of individuals. This is the central question that lies at the core of the pair bond deniers who insist humans are not a pair bond species and can find fulfilment in a pluralistic love bond. I probe (below) the social and emotional nuances associated with what it means to be in an enduring love bond through exploring the social and psychological complexities often associated with being in love. I will then discuss efforts by groups and individuals who have sought to establish social bonds not organised around an exclusive pair bond, and what their efforts reveal about underlying human psychology. My analysis concludes with rendering an assessment of the relative success of the social and personal experiments in the search to find a more fulfilling arena for love.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - William R. Jankowiak
T1  - Is the pair bond a human universal? An analytical essay
JO  - International Review of Psychiatry
PY  - 2023
VL  - 35
SP  - 16 - 24
EP  - 16 - 24
DO  - 10.1080/09540261.2023.2176743
AB  - Abstract I argue the impulse to form a dyadic love bond and not the desire for sexual release accounts for the formation of a universality of the pair bond. This impulse is not recent but has been a pervasive force throughout human history. Recently, a reversionist position has argued we are more of a hybrid species that easily and readily shifts between a pair bond and a plural partner family arrangement. Although most humans live out their lives in a sexually monogamous union, it is not something that comes easily or naturally. Sexual monogamy requires adopting an ethical stance and personal dedication to maintain it. This raises the question: if humans need to be vigilant in their moral commitment to remain sexually faithful, does this vigilance extend also to the domain of love? Is it possible to find greater contentment and life-satisfaction in forming simultaneously sexual and emotional unions with a variety of individuals. This is the central question that lies at the core of the pair bond deniers who insist humans are not a pair bond species and can find fulfilment in a pluralistic love bond. I probe (below) the social and emotional nuances associated with what it means to be in an enduring love bond through exploring the social and psychological complexities often associated with being in love. I will then discuss efforts by groups and individuals who have sought to establish social bonds not organised around an exclusive pair bond, and what their efforts reveal about underlying human psychology. My analysis concludes with rendering an assessment of the relative success of the social and personal experiments in the search to find a more fulfilling arena for love.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{11ce33bf95eca1c781d294ebc2b68cf6461aac61,
  author = {Hongwen Song and Y. Liu and J. Kou and Zhiling Zou},
  title = {Advances in the Research of Neural Mechanism of Romantic Love},
  journal = {},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {},
  abstract = {Romantic love, one of the most powerful affective states, has been regarded as the inspiration for the extraordinary achievements of mankind. Romantic love plays an important role in human survival, reproduction, development and evolution. Understanding the neural mechanism of romantic love will be helpful to better understand the physiological of marriage crisis and relationship disorder. This paper will review the neuroimaging studies of romantic love.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Hongwen Song
AU  - Y. Liu
AU  - J. Kou
AU  - Zhiling Zou
T1  - Advances in the Research of Neural Mechanism of Romantic Love
PY  - 2015
AB  - Romantic love, one of the most powerful affective states, has been regarded as the inspiration for the extraordinary achievements of mankind. Romantic love plays an important role in human survival, reproduction, development and evolution. Understanding the neural mechanism of romantic love will be helpful to better understand the physiological of marriage crisis and relationship disorder. This paper will review the neuroimaging studies of romantic love.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{b9786572b90e2e68dcb44d68d47f6ab46584d540,
  author = {G. Birnbaum},
  title = {The Fragile Spell of Desire: A Functional Perspective on Changes in Sexual Desire Across Relationship Development},
  journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Review},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {101 - 127},
  doi = {10.1177/1088868317715350},
  abstract = {The sexual behavioral system evolved to motivate reproductive acts by arousing sexual desire. Building on the idea that this system has also been “exploited” by evolutionary processes to promote enduring bonds between romantic partners, the present article introduces an integrative model that delineates the functional significance of sexual desire in relationship formation and maintenance. This model explains why individuals’ sexual reaction to their partner is context-dependent, clarifying how changes in the nature of interdependence over the course of relationships alter the ways in which specific predictors of sexual desire tend to promote (or inhibit) desire and thereby affect relationship depth and stability. The model postulates that although desire influences the development of attachment bonds, the contribution that it makes varies over the course of relationships. The model also provides new insight regarding fundamental but unresolved issues in human sexuality, such as the vulnerability of sexual desire and the desire-intimacy paradox.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - G. Birnbaum
T1  - The Fragile Spell of Desire: A Functional Perspective on Changes in Sexual Desire Across Relationship Development
JO  - Personality and Social Psychology Review
PY  - 2018
VL  - 22
SP  - 101 - 127
EP  - 101 - 127
DO  - 10.1177/1088868317715350
AB  - The sexual behavioral system evolved to motivate reproductive acts by arousing sexual desire. Building on the idea that this system has also been “exploited” by evolutionary processes to promote enduring bonds between romantic partners, the present article introduces an integrative model that delineates the functional significance of sexual desire in relationship formation and maintenance. This model explains why individuals’ sexual reaction to their partner is context-dependent, clarifying how changes in the nature of interdependence over the course of relationships alter the ways in which specific predictors of sexual desire tend to promote (or inhibit) desire and thereby affect relationship depth and stability. The model postulates that although desire influences the development of attachment bonds, the contribution that it makes varies over the course of relationships. The model also provides new insight regarding fundamental but unresolved issues in human sexuality, such as the vulnerability of sexual desire and the desire-intimacy paradox.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{399638b275c24c401b2a83d16b213e88705c6bde,
  author = {A. Aron and Helen E. Fisher and Debra J. Mashek and Greg Strong and Haifang Li and L. Brown},
  title = {Reward, motivation, and emotion systems associated with early-stage intense romantic love.},
  journal = {Journal of neurophysiology},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {94 1},
  pages = {
          327-37
        },
  doi = {10.1152/JN.00838.2004},
  abstract = {Early-stage romantic love can induce euphoria, is a cross-cultural phenomenon, and is possibly a developed form of a mammalian drive to pursue preferred mates. It has an important influence on social behaviors that have reproductive and genetic consequences. To determine which reward and motivation systems may be involved, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging and studied 10 women and 7 men who were intensely "in love" from 1 to 17 mo. Participants alternately viewed a photograph of their beloved and a photograph of a familiar individual, interspersed with a distraction-attention task. Group activation specific to the beloved under the two control conditions occurred in dopamine-rich areas associated with mammalian reward and motivation, namely the right ventral tegmental area and the right postero-dorsal body and medial caudate nucleus. Activation in the left ventral tegmental area was correlated with facial attractiveness scores. Activation in the right anteromedial caudate was correlated with questionnaire scores that quantified intensity of romantic passion. In the left insula-putamen-globus pallidus, activation correlated with trait affect intensity. The results suggest that romantic love uses subcortical reward and motivation systems to focus on a specific individual, that limbic cortical regions process individual emotion factors, and that there is localization heterogeneity for reward functions in the human brain.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - A. Aron
AU  - Helen E. Fisher
AU  - Debra J. Mashek
AU  - Greg Strong
AU  - Haifang Li
AU  - L. Brown
T1  - Reward, motivation, and emotion systems associated with early-stage intense romantic love.
JO  - Journal of neurophysiology
PY  - 2005
VL  - 94 1
SP  - 
          327-37
        
EP  - 
          327-37
        
DO  - 10.1152/JN.00838.2004
AB  - Early-stage romantic love can induce euphoria, is a cross-cultural phenomenon, and is possibly a developed form of a mammalian drive to pursue preferred mates. It has an important influence on social behaviors that have reproductive and genetic consequences. To determine which reward and motivation systems may be involved, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging and studied 10 women and 7 men who were intensely "in love" from 1 to 17 mo. Participants alternately viewed a photograph of their beloved and a photograph of a familiar individual, interspersed with a distraction-attention task. Group activation specific to the beloved under the two control conditions occurred in dopamine-rich areas associated with mammalian reward and motivation, namely the right ventral tegmental area and the right postero-dorsal body and medial caudate nucleus. Activation in the left ventral tegmental area was correlated with facial attractiveness scores. Activation in the right anteromedial caudate was correlated with questionnaire scores that quantified intensity of romantic passion. In the left insula-putamen-globus pallidus, activation correlated with trait affect intensity. The results suggest that romantic love uses subcortical reward and motivation systems to focus on a specific individual, that limbic cortical regions process individual emotion factors, and that there is localization heterogeneity for reward functions in the human brain.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{046ac18c5f30370c66320069c4788cc00f978db1,
  author = {Mauricio de Jesus Dias Martins and Nicolas Baumard},
  title = {Reproductive Strategies and Romantic Love in Early Modern Europe},
  journal = {Archives of Sexual Behavior},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {53},
  pages = {901 - 915},
  doi = {10.1007/s10508-023-02759-4}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Mauricio de Jesus Dias Martins
AU  - Nicolas Baumard
T1  - Reproductive Strategies and Romantic Love in Early Modern Europe
JO  - Archives of Sexual Behavior
PY  - 2023
VL  - 53
SP  - 901 - 915
EP  - 901 - 915
DO  - 10.1007/s10508-023-02759-4
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{7d1ee4465d8fe84894693e9ca83ff211d2c08231,
  author = {R. Eisler},
  title = {Love, the Brain, and Becoming Human},
  journal = {Nurturing Our Humanity},
  year = {2019},
  doi = {10.1093/OSO/9780190935726.003.0003},
  abstract = {This chapter introduces a new perspective on the role of love in human evolution and human development. The bonds of love, whether between parent and child, lovers, or close friends, may all have a common biological root, activating neurochemicals that make us feel good. Like other human capacities, such as consciousness, learning, and creativity, love has a long and fascinating evolutionary history. Indeed, the evolution of love appears to be integral to the development of our human brain and hence to much that distinguishes us from other species. Moreover, love plays a vital, though still largely unrecognized, role in human development, with evidence accumulating about the negative effects of love deprivation as well as the benefits of love. But whether or not our needs for meaning and love are met, and whether or not our capacities for creativity and love are expressed, are largely determined by the interaction of biology and culture—specifically, the degree to which a culture or subculture orients to the partnership or domination end of the continuum.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - R. Eisler
T1  - Love, the Brain, and Becoming Human
JO  - Nurturing Our Humanity
PY  - 2019
DO  - 10.1093/OSO/9780190935726.003.0003
AB  - This chapter introduces a new perspective on the role of love in human evolution and human development. The bonds of love, whether between parent and child, lovers, or close friends, may all have a common biological root, activating neurochemicals that make us feel good. Like other human capacities, such as consciousness, learning, and creativity, love has a long and fascinating evolutionary history. Indeed, the evolution of love appears to be integral to the development of our human brain and hence to much that distinguishes us from other species. Moreover, love plays a vital, though still largely unrecognized, role in human development, with evidence accumulating about the negative effects of love deprivation as well as the benefits of love. But whether or not our needs for meaning and love are met, and whether or not our capacities for creativity and love are expressed, are largely determined by the interaction of biology and culture—specifically, the degree to which a culture or subculture orients to the partnership or domination end of the continuum.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{1dfbbc257b075b6dfc7eb22d67ad13f0da722385,
  author = {D. Geary and M. Flinn},
  title = {Evolution of Human Parental Behavior and the Human Family},
  journal = {Parenting},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {5 - 61},
  doi = {10.1080/15295192.2001.9681209},
  abstract = {Objective. To develop an evolutionary model that integrates human parenting and family formation with ideas about the evolved functions of distinctive human characteristics, such as concealed ovulation and sophisticated sociocognitive competencies. Design. Theoretical and empirical research across scientific disciplines is reviewed. The emphasis is on ecological and social conditions that covary, across species, with parenting, family formation, and potentially coevolving characteristics, such as a long developmental period. Results. For humans, social competition through coalition formation emerges as the key selective pressure that readily explains the coevolution of a constellation of characteristics that covary with parenting and family formation, including a lengthy developmental period, reduced sexual dimorphism, concealed ovulation, menopause, complex kinship networks, large brains, and sophisticated sociocognitive competencies. Individual and cross-cultural variations in patterns of parenting dynamics and family formation are viewed as adaptive phenotypic responses to different ecological and historical conditions. Conclusions. Human parenting and family formation are features of a coevolving suite of distinctive human characteristics, the evolutionary function of which is to facilitate the formation of kin-based coalitions for competition with other coalitions for resource control. In this view, a central function of human parenting and the human family is to provide a context for the development of sociocompetitive competencies appropriate to the local ecology.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - D. Geary
AU  - M. Flinn
T1  - Evolution of Human Parental Behavior and the Human Family
JO  - Parenting
PY  - 2001
VL  - 1
SP  - 5 - 61
EP  - 5 - 61
DO  - 10.1080/15295192.2001.9681209
AB  - Objective. To develop an evolutionary model that integrates human parenting and family formation with ideas about the evolved functions of distinctive human characteristics, such as concealed ovulation and sophisticated sociocognitive competencies. Design. Theoretical and empirical research across scientific disciplines is reviewed. The emphasis is on ecological and social conditions that covary, across species, with parenting, family formation, and potentially coevolving characteristics, such as a long developmental period. Results. For humans, social competition through coalition formation emerges as the key selective pressure that readily explains the coevolution of a constellation of characteristics that covary with parenting and family formation, including a lengthy developmental period, reduced sexual dimorphism, concealed ovulation, menopause, complex kinship networks, large brains, and sophisticated sociocognitive competencies. Individual and cross-cultural variations in patterns of parenting dynamics and family formation are viewed as adaptive phenotypic responses to different ecological and historical conditions. Conclusions. Human parenting and family formation are features of a coevolving suite of distinctive human characteristics, the evolutionary function of which is to facilitate the formation of kin-based coalitions for competition with other coalitions for resource control. In this view, a central function of human parenting and the human family is to provide a context for the development of sociocompetitive competencies appropriate to the local ecology.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{c7f09fdbd16c913da4c1b800bd88aff3bd5a0631,
  author = {K. Seshadri},
  title = {The neuroendocrinology of love},
  journal = {Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {558 - 563},
  doi = {10.4103/2230-8210.183479},
  abstract = {Romantic love could be considered as a collection of activities associated with the acquisition and retention of emotions needed to survive and reproduce. These emotions change the individual's behavioural strategies in a way that will increase the likelihood of achieving these goals. Love may be defined as an emergent property of an ancient cocktail of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters. It appears that lust, attachment and attraction appear to be distinct but intertwined processes in the brain each mediated by its own neurotransmitters and circuits. These circuits feed on and reinforce each other. Sexual craving is mediated by testosterone and oestrogen and has the amygdala as an important centre. Attraction is mediated by hormones of stress and reward including dopamine, norepinephrine cortisol and the serotinergic system and has the nucleus accumbens the ventral tegmental area as key mediators.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - K. Seshadri
T1  - The neuroendocrinology of love
JO  - Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
PY  - 2016
VL  - 20
SP  - 558 - 563
EP  - 558 - 563
DO  - 10.4103/2230-8210.183479
AB  - Romantic love could be considered as a collection of activities associated with the acquisition and retention of emotions needed to survive and reproduce. These emotions change the individual's behavioural strategies in a way that will increase the likelihood of achieving these goals. Love may be defined as an emergent property of an ancient cocktail of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters. It appears that lust, attachment and attraction appear to be distinct but intertwined processes in the brain each mediated by its own neurotransmitters and circuits. These circuits feed on and reinforce each other. Sexual craving is mediated by testosterone and oestrogen and has the amygdala as an important centre. Attraction is mediated by hormones of stress and reward including dopamine, norepinephrine cortisol and the serotinergic system and has the nucleus accumbens the ventral tegmental area as key mediators.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{79a44ee02cd7160c8f6bd9de5f0092b39b798a46,
  author = {C. S. Carter and Stephen W. Porges},
  title = {©2013 European Molecular Biology Organization Science and Society Series on Sex and Science Science & Society Series on Sex and Science},
  abstract = {L ove is deeply biological. It pervades every aspect of our lives and has inspired countless works of art. Love also has a profound effect on our mental and physical state. A 'broken heart' or a failed relationship can have disastrous effects; bereavement disrupts human physiology and might even precipitate death. Without loving relationships, humans fail to flourish, even if all of their other basic needs are met. As such, love is clearly not 'just' an emotion; it is a biological process that is both dynamic and bidirectional in several dimensions. Social interactions between individuals, for example, trigger cognitive and physiological processes that influence emotional and mental states. In turn, these changes influence future social interactions. Similarly, the maintenance of loving relationships requires constant feedback through sensory and cognitive systems; the body seeks love and responds constantly to interaction with loved ones or to the absence of such interaction. Although evidence exists for the healing power of love, it is only recently that science has turned its attention to providing a physiological explanation. The study of love, in this context, offers insight into many important topics including the biological basis of interpersonal relationships and why and how disruptions in social bonds have such pervasive consequences for behaviour and physiology. Some of the answers will be found in our growing knowledge of the neurobiological and endocrinologi-cal mechanisms of social behaviour and interpersonal engagement. N othing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. Theodosius Dobzhansky's famous dictum also holds true for explaining the evolution of love. Life on Earth is fundamentally social: the ability to interact dynamically with other living organisms to support mutual homeostasis, growth and reproduction evolved early. Social interactions are present in primitive invertebrates and even among prokaryotes: bacteria recognize and approach members of their own species. Bacteria also reproduce more successfully in the presence of their own kind and are able to form communities with physical and chemical characteristics that go far beyond the capabilities of the individual cell [1]. As another example, insect species have evolved particularly complex social systems , known as 'eusociality'. Characterized by a division of labour, eusociality seems to have evolved independently at least 11 times. Research in honey-bees indicates that a complex set of genes and their interactions regulate eusociality, and that these resulted from an " accelerated form of evolution " [2]. In other words, molecular mechanisms favouring …}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - C. S. Carter
AU  - Stephen W. Porges
T1  - ©2013 European Molecular Biology Organization Science and Society Series on Sex and Science Science & Society Series on Sex and Science
AB  - L ove is deeply biological. It pervades every aspect of our lives and has inspired countless works of art. Love also has a profound effect on our mental and physical state. A 'broken heart' or a failed relationship can have disastrous effects; bereavement disrupts human physiology and might even precipitate death. Without loving relationships, humans fail to flourish, even if all of their other basic needs are met. As such, love is clearly not 'just' an emotion; it is a biological process that is both dynamic and bidirectional in several dimensions. Social interactions between individuals, for example, trigger cognitive and physiological processes that influence emotional and mental states. In turn, these changes influence future social interactions. Similarly, the maintenance of loving relationships requires constant feedback through sensory and cognitive systems; the body seeks love and responds constantly to interaction with loved ones or to the absence of such interaction. Although evidence exists for the healing power of love, it is only recently that science has turned its attention to providing a physiological explanation. The study of love, in this context, offers insight into many important topics including the biological basis of interpersonal relationships and why and how disruptions in social bonds have such pervasive consequences for behaviour and physiology. Some of the answers will be found in our growing knowledge of the neurobiological and endocrinologi-cal mechanisms of social behaviour and interpersonal engagement. N othing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. Theodosius Dobzhansky's famous dictum also holds true for explaining the evolution of love. Life on Earth is fundamentally social: the ability to interact dynamically with other living organisms to support mutual homeostasis, growth and reproduction evolved early. Social interactions are present in primitive invertebrates and even among prokaryotes: bacteria recognize and approach members of their own species. Bacteria also reproduce more successfully in the presence of their own kind and are able to form communities with physical and chemical characteristics that go far beyond the capabilities of the individual cell [1]. As another example, insect species have evolved particularly complex social systems , known as 'eusociality'. Characterized by a division of labour, eusociality seems to have evolved independently at least 11 times. Research in honey-bees indicates that a complex set of genes and their interactions regulate eusociality, and that these resulted from an " accelerated form of evolution " [2]. In other words, molecular mechanisms favouring …
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{f9fa2ae869ae2bd9826b394668246f325ec7390c,
  author = {Sarah A. Blumenthal and L. Young},
  title = {The Neurobiology of Love and Pair Bonding from Human and Animal Perspectives},
  journal = {Biology},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {12},
  doi = {10.3390/biology12060844},
  abstract = {Simple Summary Being in love is a powerful emotional experience that is uniquely human; however, animal models of pair bonding provide insights into the neurobiological processes underlying love. Pair bonds are selective associations between two individuals (e.g., individuals in love) and can be studied in monogamous rodents such as prairie voles. Here, we examine pair bonds, from their evolutionary origins in mother–infant bonds, to the stages of bonding, comparing rodent and human literature. We discuss the neural circuits and neuromodulators driving bonding across species, with rodent studies providing insight into our human experiences of love. Abstract Love is a powerful emotional experience that is rooted in ancient neurobiological processes shared with other species that pair bond. Considerable insights have been gained into the neural mechanisms driving the evolutionary antecedents of love by studies in animal models of pair bonding, particularly in monogamous species such as prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Here, we provide an overview of the roles of oxytocin, dopamine, and vasopressin in regulating neural circuits responsible for generating bonds in animals and humans alike. We begin with the evolutionary origins of bonding in mother–infant relationships and then examine the neurobiological underpinnings of each stage of bonding. Oxytocin and dopamine interact to link the neural representation of partner stimuli with the social reward of courtship and mating to create a nurturing bond between individuals. Vasopressin facilitates mate-guarding behaviors, potentially related to the human experience of jealousy. We further discuss the psychological and physiological stress following partner separation and their adaptive function, as well as evidence of the positive health outcomes associated with being pair-bonded based on both animal and human studies.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Sarah A. Blumenthal
AU  - L. Young
T1  - The Neurobiology of Love and Pair Bonding from Human and Animal Perspectives
JO  - Biology
PY  - 2023
VL  - 12
DO  - 10.3390/biology12060844
AB  - Simple Summary Being in love is a powerful emotional experience that is uniquely human; however, animal models of pair bonding provide insights into the neurobiological processes underlying love. Pair bonds are selective associations between two individuals (e.g., individuals in love) and can be studied in monogamous rodents such as prairie voles. Here, we examine pair bonds, from their evolutionary origins in mother–infant bonds, to the stages of bonding, comparing rodent and human literature. We discuss the neural circuits and neuromodulators driving bonding across species, with rodent studies providing insight into our human experiences of love. Abstract Love is a powerful emotional experience that is rooted in ancient neurobiological processes shared with other species that pair bond. Considerable insights have been gained into the neural mechanisms driving the evolutionary antecedents of love by studies in animal models of pair bonding, particularly in monogamous species such as prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Here, we provide an overview of the roles of oxytocin, dopamine, and vasopressin in regulating neural circuits responsible for generating bonds in animals and humans alike. We begin with the evolutionary origins of bonding in mother–infant relationships and then examine the neurobiological underpinnings of each stage of bonding. Oxytocin and dopamine interact to link the neural representation of partner stimuli with the social reward of courtship and mating to create a nurturing bond between individuals. Vasopressin facilitates mate-guarding behaviors, potentially related to the human experience of jealousy. We further discuss the psychological and physiological stress following partner separation and their adaptive function, as well as evidence of the positive health outcomes associated with being pair-bonded based on both animal and human studies.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{f2050661e4bcdc602727bcffc84c803bf12bdf25,
  author = {N. Solomon and A. Ophir},
  title = {Editorial: What’s Love Got to Do With It: The Evolution of Monogamy},
  journal = {Frontiers in ecology and evolution},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {8},
  doi = {10.3389/fevo.2020.00110},
  abstract = {Monogamy and pair-bonding are central to the human experience in the majority of cultures worldwide (Schacht and Kramer), which might explain the long-running fascination scientists have for understanding monogamy within mammals and across other taxa. The inherent interest in monogamy in western cultures, in part, may be a result of anthropomorphism and a belief that who we mate with defines us. Nevertheless, monogamy captivates the human mind and has been the subject matter in art, religion and literature for centuries. It is a topic that has brought together researchers from diverse backgrounds including anthropology, behavioral ecology, psychology, psychiatry, pediatrics, neurobiology, endocrinology, and molecular biology.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - N. Solomon
AU  - A. Ophir
T1  - Editorial: What’s Love Got to Do With It: The Evolution of Monogamy
JO  - Frontiers in ecology and evolution
PY  - 2020
VL  - 8
DO  - 10.3389/fevo.2020.00110
AB  - Monogamy and pair-bonding are central to the human experience in the majority of cultures worldwide (Schacht and Kramer), which might explain the long-running fascination scientists have for understanding monogamy within mammals and across other taxa. The inherent interest in monogamy in western cultures, in part, may be a result of anthropomorphism and a belief that who we mate with defines us. Nevertheless, monogamy captivates the human mind and has been the subject matter in art, religion and literature for centuries. It is a topic that has brought together researchers from diverse backgrounds including anthropology, behavioral ecology, psychology, psychiatry, pediatrics, neurobiology, endocrinology, and molecular biology.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{0f7b4c657022880957865bffe8a46ed9beaa34d9,
  author = {S. Gavrilets},
  title = {Human origins and the transition from promiscuity to pair-bonding},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {109},
  pages = {9923 - 9928},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1200717109},
  abstract = {A crucial step in recent theories of human origins is the emergence of strong pair-bonding between males and females accompanied by a dramatic reduction in the male-to-male conflict over mating and an increased investment in offspring. How such a transition from promiscuity to pair-bonding could be achieved is puzzling. Many species would, indeed, be much better off evolutionarily if the effort spent on male competition over mating was redirected to increasing female fertility or survivorship of offspring. Males, however, are locked in a “social dilemma,” where shifting one’s effort from “appropriation” to “production” would give an advantage to free-riding competitors and therefore, should not happen. Here, I first consider simple models for four prominent scenarios of the human transition to pair-bonding: communal care, mate guarding, food for mating, and mate provisioning. I show that the transition is not feasible under biologically relevant conditions in any of these models. Then, I show that the transition can happen if one accounts for male heterogeneity, assortative pair formation, and evolution of female choice and faithfulness. This process is started when low-ranked males begin using an alternative strategy of female provisioning. At the end, except for the top-ranked individuals, males invest exclusively in provisioning females who have evolved very high fidelity to their mates. My results point to the crucial importance of female choice and emphasize the need for incorporating between-individual variation in theoretical and empirical studies of social dilemmas and behaviors.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - S. Gavrilets
T1  - Human origins and the transition from promiscuity to pair-bonding
JO  - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
PY  - 2012
VL  - 109
SP  - 9923 - 9928
EP  - 9923 - 9928
DO  - 10.1073/pnas.1200717109
AB  - A crucial step in recent theories of human origins is the emergence of strong pair-bonding between males and females accompanied by a dramatic reduction in the male-to-male conflict over mating and an increased investment in offspring. How such a transition from promiscuity to pair-bonding could be achieved is puzzling. Many species would, indeed, be much better off evolutionarily if the effort spent on male competition over mating was redirected to increasing female fertility or survivorship of offspring. Males, however, are locked in a “social dilemma,” where shifting one’s effort from “appropriation” to “production” would give an advantage to free-riding competitors and therefore, should not happen. Here, I first consider simple models for four prominent scenarios of the human transition to pair-bonding: communal care, mate guarding, food for mating, and mate provisioning. I show that the transition is not feasible under biologically relevant conditions in any of these models. Then, I show that the transition can happen if one accounts for male heterogeneity, assortative pair formation, and evolution of female choice and faithfulness. This process is started when low-ranked males begin using an alternative strategy of female provisioning. At the end, except for the top-ranked individuals, males invest exclusively in provisioning females who have evolved very high fidelity to their mates. My results point to the crucial importance of female choice and emphasize the need for incorporating between-individual variation in theoretical and empirical studies of social dilemmas and behaviors.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{50fd520894196818f3ece8bdc25e835a68cd5750,
  author = {P. Pietromonaco and Lisa Feldman Barrett},
  title = {Attachment Theory as an Organizing Framework: A View from Different Levels of Analysis},
  journal = {Review of General Psychology},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {107 - 110},
  doi = {10.1037/1089-2680.4.2.107},
  abstract = {In recognition of the broad influence of attachment theory, the articles in this issue cut across diverse areas of psychology and multiple levels of analysis. T. R. Insel (2000) focuses on the molecular level, discussing the complex link between neurobiology and attachment behavior in nonhuman animals. The three articles by J. Cassidy (2000), R. C. Fraley and P. R. Shaver (2000), and P. R. Pietromonaco and L. Feldman Barrett (2000) present midlevel analyses, incorporating ideas about the links between mental representations and relationship thoughts, feelings, and behavior. C. Hazan and L. M. Diamond (2000) take a macro approach by applying a broad evolutionary perspective to understand the basis for attachment in adult pair bonds. The discussion focuses on unifying themes, including the interplay between attachment, caregiving, and sexual behavior; attachment functions in adult relationships; evolutionary processes; the operation of internal working models; and continuity in attachment across the life span.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - P. Pietromonaco
AU  - Lisa Feldman Barrett
T1  - Attachment Theory as an Organizing Framework: A View from Different Levels of Analysis
JO  - Review of General Psychology
PY  - 2000
VL  - 4
SP  - 107 - 110
EP  - 107 - 110
DO  - 10.1037/1089-2680.4.2.107
AB  - In recognition of the broad influence of attachment theory, the articles in this issue cut across diverse areas of psychology and multiple levels of analysis. T. R. Insel (2000) focuses on the molecular level, discussing the complex link between neurobiology and attachment behavior in nonhuman animals. The three articles by J. Cassidy (2000), R. C. Fraley and P. R. Shaver (2000), and P. R. Pietromonaco and L. Feldman Barrett (2000) present midlevel analyses, incorporating ideas about the links between mental representations and relationship thoughts, feelings, and behavior. C. Hazan and L. M. Diamond (2000) take a macro approach by applying a broad evolutionary perspective to understand the basis for attachment in adult pair bonds. The discussion focuses on unifying themes, including the interplay between attachment, caregiving, and sexual behavior; attachment functions in adult relationships; evolutionary processes; the operation of internal working models; and continuity in attachment across the life span.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{88089ef78179f1d409879d5e3dc012be545baa73,
  author = {J. Forgas and J. Fitness},
  title = {The Evolution of Love and Long-Term Bonds},
  journal = {},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {},
  pages = {51-66},
  doi = {10.4324/9780203888124-9}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - J. Forgas
AU  - J. Fitness
T1  - The Evolution of Love and Long-Term Bonds
PY  - 2008
SP  - 51-66
EP  - 51-66
DO  - 10.4324/9780203888124-9
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{a1abe581d64ccf8b3e7012f7145e204d3ca255fc,
  author = {J. Cassidy},
  title = {Adult Romantic Attachments: A Developmental Perspective on Individual Differences},
  journal = {Review of General Psychology},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {111 - 131},
  doi = {10.1037/1089-2680.4.2.111},
  abstract = {Attachment theory has, since its inception, contained the proposition that long-term adult romantic relationships (i.e., relationships described by ethologists as “pair bonds”) are generally attachments. In this article, the possibility that individual differences in adult romantic attachments may emerge, in part, from individual differences in childhood attachments is discussed. The article begins with an examination of the developmental precursors of individual differences in two of the behavioral systems prominent in adult romantic relationships: the attachment system and the caregiving system. For each of these behavioral systems, theory is discussed and the empirical literature is reviewed. The remainder of the article addresses the mechanisms of both continuity across development (i.e., factors that may account for the influences of early attachments on later romantic relationships) and discontinuity (i.e., factors that may account for change in the quality of attachments from childhood to adulthood).}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - J. Cassidy
T1  - Adult Romantic Attachments: A Developmental Perspective on Individual Differences
JO  - Review of General Psychology
PY  - 2000
VL  - 4
SP  - 111 - 131
EP  - 111 - 131
DO  - 10.1037/1089-2680.4.2.111
AB  - Attachment theory has, since its inception, contained the proposition that long-term adult romantic relationships (i.e., relationships described by ethologists as “pair bonds”) are generally attachments. In this article, the possibility that individual differences in adult romantic attachments may emerge, in part, from individual differences in childhood attachments is discussed. The article begins with an examination of the developmental precursors of individual differences in two of the behavioral systems prominent in adult romantic relationships: the attachment system and the caregiving system. For each of these behavioral systems, theory is discussed and the empirical literature is reviewed. The remainder of the article addresses the mechanisms of both continuity across development (i.e., factors that may account for the influences of early attachments on later romantic relationships) and discontinuity (i.e., factors that may account for change in the quality of attachments from childhood to adulthood).
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{410d16d5232b0ccb5147f63694ff585e31bf1115,
  author = {Joshua S. Bamford and Julia Vigl and Matias Hämäläinen and Suvi Saarikallio},
  title = {Love songs and serenades: a theoretical review of music and romantic relationships},
  journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  year = {2024},
  volume = {15},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1302548},
  abstract = {In this theoretical review, we examine how the roles of music in mate choice and social bonding are expressed in romantic relationships. Darwin’s Descent of Man originally proposed the idea that musicality might have evolved as a sexually selected trait. This proposition, coupled with the portrayal of popular musicians as sex symbols and the prevalence of love-themed lyrics in music, suggests a possible link between music and attraction. However, recent scientific exploration of the evolutionary functions of music has predominantly focused on theories of social bonding and group signaling, with limited research addressing the sexual selection hypothesis. We identify two distinct types of music-making for these different functions: music for attraction, which would be virtuosic in nature to display physical and cognitive fitness to potential mates; and music for connection, which would facilitate synchrony between partners and likely engage the same reward mechanisms seen in the general synchrony-bonding effect, enhancing perceived interpersonal intimacy as a facet of love. Linking these two musical functions to social psychological theories of relationship development and the components of love, we present a model that outlines the potential roles of music in romantic relationships, from initial attraction to ongoing relationship maintenance. In addition to synthesizing the existing literature, our model serves as a roadmap for empirical research aimed at rigorously investigating the possible functions of music for romantic relationships.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Joshua S. Bamford
AU  - Julia Vigl
AU  - Matias Hämäläinen
AU  - Suvi Saarikallio
T1  - Love songs and serenades: a theoretical review of music and romantic relationships
JO  - Frontiers in Psychology
PY  - 2024
VL  - 15
DO  - 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1302548
AB  - In this theoretical review, we examine how the roles of music in mate choice and social bonding are expressed in romantic relationships. Darwin’s Descent of Man originally proposed the idea that musicality might have evolved as a sexually selected trait. This proposition, coupled with the portrayal of popular musicians as sex symbols and the prevalence of love-themed lyrics in music, suggests a possible link between music and attraction. However, recent scientific exploration of the evolutionary functions of music has predominantly focused on theories of social bonding and group signaling, with limited research addressing the sexual selection hypothesis. We identify two distinct types of music-making for these different functions: music for attraction, which would be virtuosic in nature to display physical and cognitive fitness to potential mates; and music for connection, which would facilitate synchrony between partners and likely engage the same reward mechanisms seen in the general synchrony-bonding effect, enhancing perceived interpersonal intimacy as a facet of love. Linking these two musical functions to social psychological theories of relationship development and the components of love, we present a model that outlines the potential roles of music in romantic relationships, from initial attraction to ongoing relationship maintenance. In addition to synthesizing the existing literature, our model serves as a roadmap for empirical research aimed at rigorously investigating the possible functions of music for romantic relationships.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{7ee9ee54d606d9f49608f9d4895325d7d0b4e48d,
  author = {D. Buss},
  title = {The evolution of human mating.},
  journal = {Acta Psychologica Sinica},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {},
  abstract = {(effort devoted to keeping a mate). Since men and women historically confronted different adaptive problems in the mating domain, the sexes differ profoundly in evolved psychology of mating solutions. These psychological sex differences include possessing distinct mate preferences, dissimilar desires for short-term mating, and distinct triggers that evoke sexual jealousy. This article reviews empirical evidence supporting evolution-based hypotheses about these mating strategies. The study of human mating is one of the true “success stories” of evolutionary psychology.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - D. Buss
T1  - The evolution of human mating.
JO  - Acta Psychologica Sinica
PY  - 2007
AB  - (effort devoted to keeping a mate). Since men and women historically confronted different adaptive problems in the mating domain, the sexes differ profoundly in evolved psychology of mating solutions. These psychological sex differences include possessing distinct mate preferences, dissimilar desires for short-term mating, and distinct triggers that evoke sexual jealousy. This article reviews empirical evidence supporting evolution-based hypotheses about these mating strategies. The study of human mating is one of the true “success stories” of evolutionary psychology.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{7020e158e32605f670ebbe34a324ffce94210b98,
  author = {Moran Mizrahi and E. Lemay and Michael R Maniaci and H. Reis},
  title = {Seeds of love: Positivity bias mediates between passionate love and prorelationship behavior in romantic couples},
  journal = {Journal of Social and Personal Relationships},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {2207 - 2227},
  doi = {10.1177/02654075221076002},
  abstract = {Passionate love (PL) is a central concept in romantic relationships, yet the process through which it enhances relationship maintenance remains unclear. The current research included two studies of daily relationship experiences among dating couples (N = 203) and newlyweds (N = 173). We examined the contribution of PL to greater daily prorelationship behavior and the role of idealized views of romantic partners in explaining this association. Furthermore, we examined the unique effect of PL on prorelationship behavior beyond relationship commitment. Results indicated that positivity bias mediated the association between PL and prorelationship behavior, and this effect was independent of commitment. Conversely, relationship commitment did not predict prorelationship behavior beyond PL. These findings highlight the role of positively biased perceptions in explaining how the motivational experience of PL translates into daily acts and suggest that daily behaviors shaped by PL may support long-term goals of relationship maintenance.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Moran Mizrahi
AU  - E. Lemay
AU  - Michael R Maniaci
AU  - H. Reis
T1  - Seeds of love: Positivity bias mediates between passionate love and prorelationship behavior in romantic couples
JO  - Journal of Social and Personal Relationships
PY  - 2022
VL  - 39
SP  - 2207 - 2227
EP  - 2207 - 2227
DO  - 10.1177/02654075221076002
AB  - Passionate love (PL) is a central concept in romantic relationships, yet the process through which it enhances relationship maintenance remains unclear. The current research included two studies of daily relationship experiences among dating couples (N = 203) and newlyweds (N = 173). We examined the contribution of PL to greater daily prorelationship behavior and the role of idealized views of romantic partners in explaining this association. Furthermore, we examined the unique effect of PL on prorelationship behavior beyond relationship commitment. Results indicated that positivity bias mediated the association between PL and prorelationship behavior, and this effect was independent of commitment. Conversely, relationship commitment did not predict prorelationship behavior beyond PL. These findings highlight the role of positively biased perceptions in explaining how the motivational experience of PL translates into daily acts and suggest that daily behaviors shaped by PL may support long-term goals of relationship maintenance.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{b73cd9a3b52adc3756e3338435b2887e61fa82a2,
  author = {Lisa A. McGraw and T. Székely and L. Young},
  title = {Social Behaviour: Pair bonds and parental behaviour},
  journal = {},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {},
  pages = {271-301},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511781360.023},
  abstract = {Overview Pair bonds and parental behaviour are among the most variable social traits. To understand how and why these traits are so variable, we investigate three issues in this chapter. First, we present an overview of recent work on molecular and neural aspects of pair bonds and parental care using microtine rodents as model organisms. We focus on two neuropeptides, oxytocin and vasopressin, and show that although both molecules are found in both sexes, oxytocin plays a more prominent role in regulating parenting and pair bonding in females, whereas vasopressin serves this role in males. Variation in the expression of oxytocin and vasopressin receptors appears to contribute to species and individual differences in social behaviour. These studies also show that although oxytocin and vasopressin function in distinct brain regions, they act within the same neural circuit. Therefore, females and males appear to accomplish behavioural changes in pair bonding and parental care by altering the responsiveness of the same neural circuit. Second, studies of pair bonds and parental care in natural populations have revealed that these traits are often tied together. Cost–benefit analyses of both traits in a game-theoretic framework provide novel insights into how diverse pair bonding and parental care may have evolved. Recent work emphasises the role of social environment in influencing pair bonding and care. Finally, we point out that currently there is a schism between proximate and ultimate approaches to understanding pair bonding and parental care.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Lisa A. McGraw
AU  - T. Székely
AU  - L. Young
T1  - Social Behaviour: Pair bonds and parental behaviour
PY  - 2010
SP  - 271-301
EP  - 271-301
DO  - 10.1017/CBO9780511781360.023
AB  - Overview Pair bonds and parental behaviour are among the most variable social traits. To understand how and why these traits are so variable, we investigate three issues in this chapter. First, we present an overview of recent work on molecular and neural aspects of pair bonds and parental care using microtine rodents as model organisms. We focus on two neuropeptides, oxytocin and vasopressin, and show that although both molecules are found in both sexes, oxytocin plays a more prominent role in regulating parenting and pair bonding in females, whereas vasopressin serves this role in males. Variation in the expression of oxytocin and vasopressin receptors appears to contribute to species and individual differences in social behaviour. These studies also show that although oxytocin and vasopressin function in distinct brain regions, they act within the same neural circuit. Therefore, females and males appear to accomplish behavioural changes in pair bonding and parental care by altering the responsiveness of the same neural circuit. Second, studies of pair bonds and parental care in natural populations have revealed that these traits are often tied together. Cost–benefit analyses of both traits in a game-theoretic framework provide novel insights into how diverse pair bonding and parental care may have evolved. Recent work emphasises the role of social environment in influencing pair bonding and care. Finally, we point out that currently there is a schism between proximate and ultimate approaches to understanding pair bonding and parental care.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{4a0360f0b68ec0ef988967fa646a75d60c557d0d,
  author = {Helen E. Fisher and Xiaomeng Xu and A. Aron and L. Brown},
  title = {Intense, Passionate, Romantic Love: A Natural Addiction? How the Fields That Investigate Romance and Substance Abuse Can Inform Each Other},
  journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {7},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00687},
  abstract = {Individuals in the early stage of intense romantic love show many symptoms of substance and non-substance or behavioral addictions, including euphoria, craving, tolerance, emotional and physical dependence, withdrawal and relapse. We have proposed that romantic love is a natural (and often positive) addiction that evolved from mammalian antecedents by 4 million years ago as a survival mechanism to encourage hominin pair-bonding and reproduction, seen cross-culturally today in Homo sapiens. Brain scanning studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging support this view: feelings of intense romantic love engage regions of the brain’s “reward system,” specifically dopamine-rich regions, including the ventral tegmental area, also activated during drug and/or behavioral addiction. Thus, because the experience of romantic love shares reward pathways with a range of substance and behavioral addictions, it may influence the drug and/or behavioral addiction response. Indeed, a study of overnight abstinent smokers has shown that feelings of intense romantic love attenuate brain activity associated with cigarette cue-reactivity. Could socially rewarding experiences be therapeutic for drug and/or behavioral addictions? We suggest that “self expanding” experiences like romance and expanding one’s knowledge, experience and self-perception, may also affect drug and/or behavioral addiction behaviors. Further, because feelings of romantic love can progress into feelings of calm attachment, and because attachment engages more plastic forebrain regions, there is a rationale for therapies that may help substance and/or behavioral addiction by promoting activation of these forebrain systems through long-term, calm, positive attachments to others, including group therapies. Addiction is considered a negative (harmful) disorder that appears in a population subset; while romantic love is often a positive (as well as negative) state experienced by almost all humans. Thus, researchers have not categorized romantic love as a chemical or behavioral addiction. But by embracing data on romantic love, it’s classification as an evolved, natural, often positive but also powerfully negative addiction, and its neural similarity to many substance and non-substance addictive states, clinicians may develop more effective therapeutic approaches to alleviate a range of the addictions, including heartbreak–an almost universal human experience that can trigger stalking, clinical depression, suicide, homicide, and other crimes of passion.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Helen E. Fisher
AU  - Xiaomeng Xu
AU  - A. Aron
AU  - L. Brown
T1  - Intense, Passionate, Romantic Love: A Natural Addiction? How the Fields That Investigate Romance and Substance Abuse Can Inform Each Other
JO  - Frontiers in Psychology
PY  - 2016
VL  - 7
DO  - 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00687
AB  - Individuals in the early stage of intense romantic love show many symptoms of substance and non-substance or behavioral addictions, including euphoria, craving, tolerance, emotional and physical dependence, withdrawal and relapse. We have proposed that romantic love is a natural (and often positive) addiction that evolved from mammalian antecedents by 4 million years ago as a survival mechanism to encourage hominin pair-bonding and reproduction, seen cross-culturally today in Homo sapiens. Brain scanning studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging support this view: feelings of intense romantic love engage regions of the brain’s “reward system,” specifically dopamine-rich regions, including the ventral tegmental area, also activated during drug and/or behavioral addiction. Thus, because the experience of romantic love shares reward pathways with a range of substance and behavioral addictions, it may influence the drug and/or behavioral addiction response. Indeed, a study of overnight abstinent smokers has shown that feelings of intense romantic love attenuate brain activity associated with cigarette cue-reactivity. Could socially rewarding experiences be therapeutic for drug and/or behavioral addictions? We suggest that “self expanding” experiences like romance and expanding one’s knowledge, experience and self-perception, may also affect drug and/or behavioral addiction behaviors. Further, because feelings of romantic love can progress into feelings of calm attachment, and because attachment engages more plastic forebrain regions, there is a rationale for therapies that may help substance and/or behavioral addiction by promoting activation of these forebrain systems through long-term, calm, positive attachments to others, including group therapies. Addiction is considered a negative (harmful) disorder that appears in a population subset; while romantic love is often a positive (as well as negative) state experienced by almost all humans. Thus, researchers have not categorized romantic love as a chemical or behavioral addiction. But by embracing data on romantic love, it’s classification as an evolved, natural, often positive but also powerfully negative addiction, and its neural similarity to many substance and non-substance addictive states, clinicians may develop more effective therapeutic approaches to alleviate a range of the addictions, including heartbreak–an almost universal human experience that can trigger stalking, clinical depression, suicide, homicide, and other crimes of passion.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{e776e4f07b09136656075f19956a7f53c1ab1070,
  author = {Priscilla de Oliveira Martins-Silva and Z. Trindade and Annor da Silva Júnior},
  title = {Teorias Sobre o Amor no Campo da Psicologia Social},
  journal = {Psicologia: Ciência e Profissão},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {33},
  pages = {16-31},
  doi = {10.1590/S1414-98932013000100003},
  abstract = {The present study is a theoretical essay about the phenomenon of love in romantic relationships in the field of psychology and social psychology. The first theories on love in psychology are presented. After, three theories of social psychology are discussed in greater depth: love styles, by John Alan Lee, the adult attachment theory, by Phillip Shaver, Cindy Hazan and Donna Bradshaw, and the triangular theory of love, by Robert J. Sternberg. The contributions of each theory on theoretical, empirical and methodological issues are presented. Two aspects were observed: that love is a complex phenomenon and the presence of theoretical and methodological differences among the three theories. The complexity is observed in theoretical approach diversity and in research results. Theoretically, there is disagreement on how love is conceived. Methodologically, there is a predominance of quantitative research with different scales. It is observed that further investigation on the theme is needed, as well as on the scales adopted. Therefore, the love field of study is still in process of evolution, so further research may contribute to this field. It is suggested that it is important to study the interaction of culture, values and beliefs in the experience of love and to use more qualitative approaches in the research about love.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Priscilla de Oliveira Martins-Silva
AU  - Z. Trindade
AU  - Annor da Silva Júnior
T1  - Teorias Sobre o Amor no Campo da Psicologia Social
JO  - Psicologia: Ciência e Profissão
PY  - 2013
VL  - 33
SP  - 16-31
EP  - 16-31
DO  - 10.1590/S1414-98932013000100003
AB  - The present study is a theoretical essay about the phenomenon of love in romantic relationships in the field of psychology and social psychology. The first theories on love in psychology are presented. After, three theories of social psychology are discussed in greater depth: love styles, by John Alan Lee, the adult attachment theory, by Phillip Shaver, Cindy Hazan and Donna Bradshaw, and the triangular theory of love, by Robert J. Sternberg. The contributions of each theory on theoretical, empirical and methodological issues are presented. Two aspects were observed: that love is a complex phenomenon and the presence of theoretical and methodological differences among the three theories. The complexity is observed in theoretical approach diversity and in research results. Theoretically, there is disagreement on how love is conceived. Methodologically, there is a predominance of quantitative research with different scales. It is observed that further investigation on the theme is needed, as well as on the scales adopted. Therefore, the love field of study is still in process of evolution, so further research may contribute to this field. It is suggested that it is important to study the interaction of culture, values and beliefs in the experience of love and to use more qualitative approaches in the research about love.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{3ece4ab9b51b22105e654e2c587d2c4fbd19f59d,
  author = {R. Sternberg},
  title = {A triangular theory of love.},
  journal = {Psychological Review},
  year = {1986},
  volume = {93},
  pages = {119-135},
  doi = {10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.119},
  abstract = {This article presents a triangular theory of love. According to the theory, love has three components: (a) intimacy, which encompasses the feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bondedness one experiences in loving relationships; (b) passion, which encompasses the drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, and sexual consummation; and (c) decision/commitment, which encompasses, in the short term, the decision that one loves another, and in the long term, the commitment to maintain that love. The amount of love one experiences depends on the absolute strength of these three components, and the kind of love one experiences depends on their strengths relative to each other. The three components interact with each other and with the actions that they produce and that produce them so as to form a number of different kinds of loving experiences. The triangular theory of love subsumes certain other theories and can account for a number of empirical findings in the research literature, as well as for a number of experiences with which many are familiar firsthand. It is proposed that the triangular theory provides a rather comprehensive basis for understanding many aspects of the love that underlies close relationships. What does it mean "to love" someone? Does it always mean the same thing, and if not, in what ways do loves differ from each other? Why do certain loves seem to last, whereas others disappear almost as quickly as they are formed? This article seeks to answer these and other questions through a triangular theory of love. This tripartite theory deals both with the nature of love and with loves in various kinds of relationships. The presentation of the theory will be divided into three main parts. In the first part, the main tenets of the theory will be explained and discussed, and the theory will be compared with other theories of love. In the second part, the implications of the theory for close relationships and satisfaction in them will be described. In the third part, the theory will be shown to account for many of the empirical phenomena that have been observed with regard to love.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - R. Sternberg
T1  - A triangular theory of love.
JO  - Psychological Review
PY  - 1986
VL  - 93
SP  - 119-135
EP  - 119-135
DO  - 10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.119
AB  - This article presents a triangular theory of love. According to the theory, love has three components: (a) intimacy, which encompasses the feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bondedness one experiences in loving relationships; (b) passion, which encompasses the drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, and sexual consummation; and (c) decision/commitment, which encompasses, in the short term, the decision that one loves another, and in the long term, the commitment to maintain that love. The amount of love one experiences depends on the absolute strength of these three components, and the kind of love one experiences depends on their strengths relative to each other. The three components interact with each other and with the actions that they produce and that produce them so as to form a number of different kinds of loving experiences. The triangular theory of love subsumes certain other theories and can account for a number of empirical findings in the research literature, as well as for a number of experiences with which many are familiar firsthand. It is proposed that the triangular theory provides a rather comprehensive basis for understanding many aspects of the love that underlies close relationships. What does it mean "to love" someone? Does it always mean the same thing, and if not, in what ways do loves differ from each other? Why do certain loves seem to last, whereas others disappear almost as quickly as they are formed? This article seeks to answer these and other questions through a triangular theory of love. This tripartite theory deals both with the nature of love and with loves in various kinds of relationships. The presentation of the theory will be divided into three main parts. In the first part, the main tenets of the theory will be explained and discussed, and the theory will be compared with other theories of love. In the second part, the implications of the theory for close relationships and satisfaction in them will be described. In the third part, the theory will be shown to account for many of the empirical phenomena that have been observed with regard to love.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{209c0b1a0ee9f9fe965fe30c1aa7c993692b6cb3,
  author = {Zhiyuan Song and Marcus W. Feldman},
  title = {The coevolution of long‐term pair bonds and cooperation},
  journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {26},
  doi = {10.1111/jeb.12111},
  abstract = {The evolution of social traits may not only depend on but also change the social structure of the population. In particular, the evolution of pairwise cooperation, such as biparental care, depends on the pair‐matching distribution of the population, and the latter often emerges as a collective outcome of individual pair‐bonding traits, which are also under selection. Here, we develop an analytical model and individual‐based simulations to study the coevolution of long‐term pair bonds and cooperation in parental care, where partners play a Snowdrift game in each breeding season. We illustrate that long‐term pair bonds may coevolve with cooperation when bonding cost is below a threshold. As long‐term pair bonds lead to assortative interactions through pair‐matching dynamics, they may promote the prevalence of cooperation. In addition to the pay‐off matrix of a single game, the evolutionarily stable equilibrium also depends on bonding cost and accidental divorce rate, and it is determined by a form of balancing selection because the benefit from pair‐bond maintenance diminishes as the frequency of cooperators increases. Our findings highlight the importance of ecological factors affecting social bonding cost and stability in understanding the coevolution of social behaviour and social structures, which may lead to the diversity of biological social systems.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Zhiyuan Song
AU  - Marcus W. Feldman
T1  - The coevolution of long‐term pair bonds and cooperation
JO  - Journal of Evolutionary Biology
PY  - 2013
VL  - 26
DO  - 10.1111/jeb.12111
AB  - The evolution of social traits may not only depend on but also change the social structure of the population. In particular, the evolution of pairwise cooperation, such as biparental care, depends on the pair‐matching distribution of the population, and the latter often emerges as a collective outcome of individual pair‐bonding traits, which are also under selection. Here, we develop an analytical model and individual‐based simulations to study the coevolution of long‐term pair bonds and cooperation in parental care, where partners play a Snowdrift game in each breeding season. We illustrate that long‐term pair bonds may coevolve with cooperation when bonding cost is below a threshold. As long‐term pair bonds lead to assortative interactions through pair‐matching dynamics, they may promote the prevalence of cooperation. In addition to the pay‐off matrix of a single game, the evolutionarily stable equilibrium also depends on bonding cost and accidental divorce rate, and it is determined by a form of balancing selection because the benefit from pair‐bond maintenance diminishes as the frequency of cooperators increases. Our findings highlight the importance of ecological factors affecting social bonding cost and stability in understanding the coevolution of social behaviour and social structures, which may lead to the diversity of biological social systems.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{721140d0690cead47d50e2c3047ae2c42b8e265b,
  author = {Menelaos Apostolou and C. Christoforou and Timo Lajunen},
  title = {What are Romantic Relationships Good for? An Explorative Analysis of the Perceived Benefits of Being in a Relationship},
  journal = {Evolutionary Psychology},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {21},
  doi = {10.1177/14747049231210245},
  abstract = {Forming long-term intimate relationships is a human universal, with most people across different times and cultures doing so. Such relationships should be associated with important benefits otherwise individuals would not engage in them, with the current research aiming to identify what people consider as beneficial in a long-term intimate relationship. More specifically, Study 1 employed qualitative research methods in a sample of 221 Greek-speaking participants, and identified 82 perceived benefits. Study 2 employed quantitative research methods in a sample of 545 Greek-speaking participants, and classified these benefits into 10 broad factors and two broader domains. Experiencing positive emotions, including love and passion, as well as having someone to provide support and do things together, were considered among the most important benefits. Although there were a few significant differences, the evaluations of the perceived benefits of intimate relationships were generally consistent across participants of different sex, age, and relationship status.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Menelaos Apostolou
AU  - C. Christoforou
AU  - Timo Lajunen
T1  - What are Romantic Relationships Good for? An Explorative Analysis of the Perceived Benefits of Being in a Relationship
JO  - Evolutionary Psychology
PY  - 2023
VL  - 21
DO  - 10.1177/14747049231210245
AB  - Forming long-term intimate relationships is a human universal, with most people across different times and cultures doing so. Such relationships should be associated with important benefits otherwise individuals would not engage in them, with the current research aiming to identify what people consider as beneficial in a long-term intimate relationship. More specifically, Study 1 employed qualitative research methods in a sample of 221 Greek-speaking participants, and identified 82 perceived benefits. Study 2 employed quantitative research methods in a sample of 545 Greek-speaking participants, and classified these benefits into 10 broad factors and two broader domains. Experiencing positive emotions, including love and passion, as well as having someone to provide support and do things together, were considered among the most important benefits. Although there were a few significant differences, the evaluations of the perceived benefits of intimate relationships were generally consistent across participants of different sex, age, and relationship status.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{d6d8bc959c3a7f5fbedeac2d1f298126c88cb7a1,
  author = {William R. Jankowiak and E. Fischer},
  title = {A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Romantic Love},
  journal = {Ethnology},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {149-155},
  doi = {10.2307/3773618},
  abstract = {The anthropological study of romantic (or passionate) love is virtually nonexistent due to the widespread belief that romantic love is unique to Euro-American culture. This belief is by no means confined to anthropology. The historian Philippe Aries (1962), for example, argues that affection was of secondary importance to more utilitarian ambitions throughout much of European history. Lawrence Stone (1988:16) goes further, insisting that "if romantic love ever existed outside of Europe, it only arose among the nonwestern nation-states' elite who had the time to cultivate an aesthetic appreciation for subjective experiences." Underlying these Eurocentric views is the assumption that modernization and the rise of individualism are directly linked to the appearance of romantic notions of love.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - William R. Jankowiak
AU  - E. Fischer
T1  - A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Romantic Love
JO  - Ethnology
PY  - 1992
VL  - 31
SP  - 149-155
EP  - 149-155
DO  - 10.2307/3773618
AB  - The anthropological study of romantic (or passionate) love is virtually nonexistent due to the widespread belief that romantic love is unique to Euro-American culture. This belief is by no means confined to anthropology. The historian Philippe Aries (1962), for example, argues that affection was of secondary importance to more utilitarian ambitions throughout much of European history. Lawrence Stone (1988:16) goes further, insisting that "if romantic love ever existed outside of Europe, it only arose among the nonwestern nation-states' elite who had the time to cultivate an aesthetic appreciation for subjective experiences." Underlying these Eurocentric views is the assumption that modernization and the rise of individualism are directly linked to the appearance of romantic notions of love.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{afe2c811e6cf24cbb3d58b06915aa5af65cb91ce,
  author = {Franza Francesco and Alba Cervone},
  title = {Neurobiology of love.},
  journal = {Psychiatria Danubina},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {26 Suppl 1},
  pages = {
          266-8
        },
  abstract = {Romantic love is a "universal... or near universal" human phenomenon. Recently, love, romantic love, also became a theme of interest for scientists. The current research is seeking an explanation to clarify the brain mechanisms that are responsible for love behavior and feelings. Until recently, the study of love has been mainly the field of psychology. The biology of love originates in the primitive parts of brain that eolved long before the cerebral cortex. Discoveries in neuroscience have led to the identification of specific areas, facilities, brain circuits that are involved in the genesis of love. However, love remained a research field mainly for psychologists, despite the massive increase in neuroscientific research. In the last few decades, there has been a significant increase in the number of studies on the neuronal corelates of love, through the use of neuroimaging techniques (fMRI, PET) and in the studies that have investigated the action of the neurotransmitter and neuroendocrine systems.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Franza Francesco
AU  - Alba Cervone
T1  - Neurobiology of love.
JO  - Psychiatria Danubina
PY  - 2014
VL  - 26 Suppl 1
SP  - 
          266-8
        
EP  - 
          266-8
        
AB  - Romantic love is a "universal... or near universal" human phenomenon. Recently, love, romantic love, also became a theme of interest for scientists. The current research is seeking an explanation to clarify the brain mechanisms that are responsible for love behavior and feelings. Until recently, the study of love has been mainly the field of psychology. The biology of love originates in the primitive parts of brain that eolved long before the cerebral cortex. Discoveries in neuroscience have led to the identification of specific areas, facilities, brain circuits that are involved in the genesis of love. However, love remained a research field mainly for psychologists, despite the massive increase in neuroscientific research. In the last few decades, there has been a significant increase in the number of studies on the neuronal corelates of love, through the use of neuroimaging techniques (fMRI, PET) and in the studies that have investigated the action of the neurotransmitter and neuroendocrine systems.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{256a9d00d710191c4c95a80ac5c9785ab8289108,
  author = {M. F. López-Gutiérrez and Sara Mejía-Chávez and S. Alcauter and W. Portillo},
  title = {The neural circuits of monogamous behavior},
  journal = {Frontiers in Neural Circuits},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {16},
  doi = {10.3389/fncir.2022.978344},
  abstract = {The interest in studying the neural circuits related to mating behavior and mate choice in monogamous species lies in the parallels found between human social structure and sexual behavior and that of other mammals that exhibit social monogamy, potentially expanding our understanding of human neurobiology and its underlying mechanisms. Extensive research has suggested that social monogamy, as opposed to non-monogamy in mammals, is a consequence of the neural encoding of sociosensory information from the sexual partner with an increased reward value. Thus, the reinforced value of the mate outweighs the reward value of mating with any other potential sexual partners. This mechanism reinforces the social relationship of a breeding pair, commonly defined as a pair bond. In addition to accentuated prosocial behaviors toward the partner, other characteristic behaviors may appear, such as territorial and partner guarding, selective aggression toward unfamiliar conspecifics, and biparental care. Concomitantly, social buffering and distress upon partner separation are also observed. The following work intends to overview and compare known neural and functional circuits that are related to mating and sexual behavior in monogamous mammals. We will particularly discuss reports on Cricetid rodents of the Microtus and Peromyscus genus, and New World primates (NWP), such as the Callicebinae subfamily of the titi monkey and the marmoset (Callithrix spp.). In addition, we will mention the main factors that modulate the neural circuits related to social monogamy and how that modulation may reflect phenotypic differences, ultimately creating the widely observed diversity in social behavior.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - M. F. López-Gutiérrez
AU  - Sara Mejía-Chávez
AU  - S. Alcauter
AU  - W. Portillo
T1  - The neural circuits of monogamous behavior
JO  - Frontiers in Neural Circuits
PY  - 2022
VL  - 16
DO  - 10.3389/fncir.2022.978344
AB  - The interest in studying the neural circuits related to mating behavior and mate choice in monogamous species lies in the parallels found between human social structure and sexual behavior and that of other mammals that exhibit social monogamy, potentially expanding our understanding of human neurobiology and its underlying mechanisms. Extensive research has suggested that social monogamy, as opposed to non-monogamy in mammals, is a consequence of the neural encoding of sociosensory information from the sexual partner with an increased reward value. Thus, the reinforced value of the mate outweighs the reward value of mating with any other potential sexual partners. This mechanism reinforces the social relationship of a breeding pair, commonly defined as a pair bond. In addition to accentuated prosocial behaviors toward the partner, other characteristic behaviors may appear, such as territorial and partner guarding, selective aggression toward unfamiliar conspecifics, and biparental care. Concomitantly, social buffering and distress upon partner separation are also observed. The following work intends to overview and compare known neural and functional circuits that are related to mating and sexual behavior in monogamous mammals. We will particularly discuss reports on Cricetid rodents of the Microtus and Peromyscus genus, and New World primates (NWP), such as the Callicebinae subfamily of the titi monkey and the marmoset (Callithrix spp.). In addition, we will mention the main factors that modulate the neural circuits related to social monogamy and how that modulation may reflect phenotypic differences, ultimately creating the widely observed diversity in social behavior.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{ab7d3c8babc29882b570829df165c174031e94af,
  author = {Marie E. Heffernan and R. C. Fraley and Amanda M. Vicary and C. Brumbaugh},
  title = {Attachment features and functions in adult romantic relationships},
  journal = {Journal of Social and Personal Relationships},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {29},
  pages = {671 - 693},
  doi = {10.1177/0265407512443435},
  abstract = {The present research examined the development of attachment bonds in adult romantic relationships using a cross-sectional internet survey (Study 1) and a longitudinal study (Study 2). Results suggested that attachment features and functions emerge in a specific sequence that begins with proximity-seeking, followed by safe haven, and finally secure base. Our cross-sectional data indicated that people who had been in relationships for longer were more likely to use their partners for attachment functions. However, in our longitudinal study, after controlling for relationship length and age, there was relatively little change in attachment features and functions over time. The data also indicated that adult attachment bonds might develop more quickly than has been previously assumed.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Marie E. Heffernan
AU  - R. C. Fraley
AU  - Amanda M. Vicary
AU  - C. Brumbaugh
T1  - Attachment features and functions in adult romantic relationships
JO  - Journal of Social and Personal Relationships
PY  - 2012
VL  - 29
SP  - 671 - 693
EP  - 671 - 693
DO  - 10.1177/0265407512443435
AB  - The present research examined the development of attachment bonds in adult romantic relationships using a cross-sectional internet survey (Study 1) and a longitudinal study (Study 2). Results suggested that attachment features and functions emerge in a specific sequence that begins with proximity-seeking, followed by safe haven, and finally secure base. Our cross-sectional data indicated that people who had been in relationships for longer were more likely to use their partners for attachment functions. However, in our longitudinal study, after controlling for relationship length and age, there was relatively little change in attachment features and functions over time. The data also indicated that adult attachment bonds might develop more quickly than has been previously assumed.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{1a15557c09079e01c02121ca4c6884769f4b703e,
  author = {Elizabeth G. Pillsworth and M. Haselton},
  title = {Women's Sexual Strategies: The Evolution of Long-Term Bonds and Extrapair Sex},
  journal = {Annual Review of Sex Research},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {100 - 59},
  doi = {10.1080/10532528.2006.10559837},
  abstract = {Abstract Because of their heavy obligatory investment in offspring and limited offspring number, ancestral women faced the challenge of securing sufficient material resources for reproduction and gaining access to good genes. We review evidence indicating that selection produced two overlapping suites of psychological adaptations to address these challenges. The first set involves coupling—the formation of social partnerships for providing biparental care. The second set involves dual mating, a strategy in which women form long-term relationships with investing partners, while surreptitiously seeking good genes from extrapair mates. The sources of evidence we review include hunter-gather studies, comparative nonhuman studies, cross-cultural studies, and evidence of shifts in women's desires across the ovulatory cycle. We argue that the evidence poses a challenge to some existing theories of human mating and adds to our understanding of the subtlety of women's sexual strategies.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Elizabeth G. Pillsworth
AU  - M. Haselton
T1  - Women's Sexual Strategies: The Evolution of Long-Term Bonds and Extrapair Sex
JO  - Annual Review of Sex Research
PY  - 2006
VL  - 17
SP  - 100 - 59
EP  - 100 - 59
DO  - 10.1080/10532528.2006.10559837
AB  - Abstract Because of their heavy obligatory investment in offspring and limited offspring number, ancestral women faced the challenge of securing sufficient material resources for reproduction and gaining access to good genes. We review evidence indicating that selection produced two overlapping suites of psychological adaptations to address these challenges. The first set involves coupling—the formation of social partnerships for providing biparental care. The second set involves dual mating, a strategy in which women form long-term relationships with investing partners, while surreptitiously seeking good genes from extrapair mates. The sources of evidence we review include hunter-gather studies, comparative nonhuman studies, cross-cultural studies, and evidence of shifts in women's desires across the ovulatory cycle. We argue that the evidence poses a challenge to some existing theories of human mating and adds to our understanding of the subtlety of women's sexual strategies.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{fa590576d99cc01d64cd2a6815003e639faf0aa2,
  author = {Sara L. Loo and K. Hawkes and P. Kim},
  title = {Evolution of male strategies with sex-ratio–dependent pay-offs: connecting pair bonds with grandmothering},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {372},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2017.0041},
  abstract = {Men's provisioning of mates and offspring has been central to ideas about human evolution because paternal provisioning is absent in our closest evolutionary cousins, the great apes, and is widely assumed to result in pair bonding, which distinguishes us from them. Yet mathematical modelling has shown that paternal care does not readily spread in populations where competition for multiple mates is the common male strategy. Here we add to models that point to the mating sex ratio as an explanation for pairing as pay-offs to mate guarding rise with a male-biased sex ratio. This is of interest for human evolution because our grandmothering life history shifts the mating sex ratio from female- to male-biased. Using a difference equation model, we explore the relative pay-offs for three competing male strategies (dependant care, multiple mating, mate guarding) in response to changing adult sex ratios. When fertile females are abundant, multiple mating prevails. As they become scarce, mate guarding triumphs. The threshold for this shift depends on guarding efficiency. Combined with mating sex ratios of hunter–gatherer and chimpanzee populations, these results strengthen the hypothesis that the evolution of our grandmothering life history propelled the shift to pair bonding in the human lineage. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Adult sex ratios and reproductive decisions: a critical re-examination of sex differences in human and animal societies’.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Sara L. Loo
AU  - K. Hawkes
AU  - P. Kim
T1  - Evolution of male strategies with sex-ratio–dependent pay-offs: connecting pair bonds with grandmothering
JO  - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
PY  - 2017
VL  - 372
DO  - 10.1098/rstb.2017.0041
AB  - Men's provisioning of mates and offspring has been central to ideas about human evolution because paternal provisioning is absent in our closest evolutionary cousins, the great apes, and is widely assumed to result in pair bonding, which distinguishes us from them. Yet mathematical modelling has shown that paternal care does not readily spread in populations where competition for multiple mates is the common male strategy. Here we add to models that point to the mating sex ratio as an explanation for pairing as pay-offs to mate guarding rise with a male-biased sex ratio. This is of interest for human evolution because our grandmothering life history shifts the mating sex ratio from female- to male-biased. Using a difference equation model, we explore the relative pay-offs for three competing male strategies (dependant care, multiple mating, mate guarding) in response to changing adult sex ratios. When fertile females are abundant, multiple mating prevails. As they become scarce, mate guarding triumphs. The threshold for this shift depends on guarding efficiency. Combined with mating sex ratios of hunter–gatherer and chimpanzee populations, these results strengthen the hypothesis that the evolution of our grandmothering life history propelled the shift to pair bonding in the human lineage. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Adult sex ratios and reproductive decisions: a critical re-examination of sex differences in human and animal societies’.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{028fd89966318612b8f62db489e56419f7520943,
  author = {P. Shaver and C. Hazan},
  title = {A Biased Overview of the Study of Love},
  journal = {Journal of Social and Personal Relationships},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {473 - 501},
  doi = {10.1177/0265407588054005},
  abstract = {The field of relationship research is currently witnessing an explosion of interest in romantic love. Several theories have been proposed to explain various features of love. This article summarizes some of these and argues that they can be integrated within an attachment-theoretical framework. In the course of the argument, love is conceptualized in terms of emotion theory and as a complex of behavioral systems, involving attachment, caregiving and sex. Although a great deal of research remains to be done, the attachment-theoretical approach to love already offers several advantages over rival approaches.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - P. Shaver
AU  - C. Hazan
T1  - A Biased Overview of the Study of Love
JO  - Journal of Social and Personal Relationships
PY  - 1988
VL  - 5
SP  - 473 - 501
EP  - 473 - 501
DO  - 10.1177/0265407588054005
AB  - The field of relationship research is currently witnessing an explosion of interest in romantic love. Several theories have been proposed to explain various features of love. This article summarizes some of these and argues that they can be integrated within an attachment-theoretical framework. In the course of the argument, love is conceptualized in terms of emotion theory and as a complex of behavioral systems, involving attachment, caregiving and sex. Although a great deal of research remains to be done, the attachment-theoretical approach to love already offers several advantages over rival approaches.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{1e12947b7e248dcb3808edae1196b7f6e88ee751,
  author = {M. Flinn and C. Ward and R. Noone},
  title = {Hormones and the Human Family},
  journal = {},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {},
  pages = {552-580},
  doi = {10.1002/9780470939376.CH19},
  abstract = {HORMONES AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS help shape important aspects of our lives, including growth, differentiation, sexuality, physiology, emotion, and cognition. From romantic thoughts to jealous rage, from the release of gametes to lactation and parent-offspring bonding, the extraordinary molecules produced and released by tiny and otherwise seemingly insignificant cells and glands orchestrate our reproductive strategies. A key research objective is to understand the evolutionary functions of this chemical language. Endocrine and neuroendocrine systems may be viewed as complex sets of mechanisms designed by natural selection to communicate information among cells and tissues. This chapter focuses on an area of particular importance for evolutionary psychology: the behavioral endocrinology of the human family. Steroid and peptide hormones, associated neurotransmitters, and other chemical messengers guide mating and parental behaviors of mammals in many important ways (Curtis & Wang, 2003; Rosenblatt, 2003; Young & Insel, 2002). Cross-species comparisons among primates require careful analysis (Bercovitch & Ziegler, 2002) because of the apparent rapid evolutionary changes in patterns of reproductive behaviors and increased phenotypic flexibility involving intricate mental processes. Homo sapiens presents special problems in these regards (Fisher, 2004; Maestripieri, 1999; Marler, Bester-Meredith, & Trainor, 2003; Wynne-Edwards, 2001, 2003). Here we first provide a theoretical scenario for the evolution of human patterns of mating and parenting behaviors. We test our model by examining the phylogenetic trajectories of associated traits such as sexual dimorphism and life history stages from the hominin fossil record. We then turn to a description and functional analysis of the endocrine mechanisms that may influence these remarkable reproductive behavioral characteristics of our species.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - M. Flinn
AU  - C. Ward
AU  - R. Noone
T1  - Hormones and the Human Family
PY  - 2015
SP  - 552-580
EP  - 552-580
DO  - 10.1002/9780470939376.CH19
AB  - HORMONES AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS help shape important aspects of our lives, including growth, differentiation, sexuality, physiology, emotion, and cognition. From romantic thoughts to jealous rage, from the release of gametes to lactation and parent-offspring bonding, the extraordinary molecules produced and released by tiny and otherwise seemingly insignificant cells and glands orchestrate our reproductive strategies. A key research objective is to understand the evolutionary functions of this chemical language. Endocrine and neuroendocrine systems may be viewed as complex sets of mechanisms designed by natural selection to communicate information among cells and tissues. This chapter focuses on an area of particular importance for evolutionary psychology: the behavioral endocrinology of the human family. Steroid and peptide hormones, associated neurotransmitters, and other chemical messengers guide mating and parental behaviors of mammals in many important ways (Curtis & Wang, 2003; Rosenblatt, 2003; Young & Insel, 2002). Cross-species comparisons among primates require careful analysis (Bercovitch & Ziegler, 2002) because of the apparent rapid evolutionary changes in patterns of reproductive behaviors and increased phenotypic flexibility involving intricate mental processes. Homo sapiens presents special problems in these regards (Fisher, 2004; Maestripieri, 1999; Marler, Bester-Meredith, & Trainor, 2003; Wynne-Edwards, 2001, 2003). Here we first provide a theoretical scenario for the evolution of human patterns of mating and parenting behaviors. We test our model by examining the phylogenetic trajectories of associated traits such as sexual dimorphism and life history stages from the hominin fossil record. We then turn to a description and functional analysis of the endocrine mechanisms that may influence these remarkable reproductive behavioral characteristics of our species.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{6b566d5b96d296fcb5dff8df1d07cc095b35aa30,
  author = {H. Hofmann and Annaliese K. Beery and D. Blumstein and I. Couzin and R. Earley and L. Hayes and P. Hurd and E. Lacey and S. Phelps and N. Solomon and M. Taborsky and L. Young and D. Rubenstein},
  title = {An evolutionary framework for studying mechanisms of social behavior.},
  journal = {Trends in ecology & evolution},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {29 10},
  pages = {
          581-9
        },
  doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2014.07.008}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - H. Hofmann
AU  - Annaliese K. Beery
AU  - D. Blumstein
AU  - I. Couzin
AU  - R. Earley
AU  - L. Hayes
AU  - P. Hurd
AU  - E. Lacey
AU  - S. Phelps
AU  - N. Solomon
AU  - M. Taborsky
AU  - L. Young
AU  - D. Rubenstein
T1  - An evolutionary framework for studying mechanisms of social behavior.
JO  - Trends in ecology & evolution
PY  - 2014
VL  - 29 10
SP  - 
          581-9
        
EP  - 
          581-9
        
DO  - 10.1016/j.tree.2014.07.008
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{31b660fc1720e4eeccc17b87506895ccc590b165,
  author = {G. Iurato},
  title = {On the Œdipus complex , 1},
  abstract = {Taking into account notable recent neuroimaging researches, it is possible to infer some first simple remarks which would suggest possible neurological bases to that fundamental psychoanalytic assumption which is the Freudian OEdipus complex. The following first very brief sketch has been just thought to simply highlight this fact. This very brief note is concerned with remarkable recent neurological researches, namely the works (Bartels & Zeki, 2000, 2004) and (Zeki, 2007), which are centered on the possible neural correlates of maternal and romantic love. Starting from this, our intention would be oriented toward the search for as many possible neurological basis of the well known OEdipus complex in the Freudian sense, above all, for boys. Indeed, according to these authors, «the tender intimacy and selflessness of a mother's love for her infant occupies a unique and exalted position in human conduct. Like romantic love, to which it is closely linked, it provides one of the most powerful motivations for human action, and has been celebrated throughout the ages – in literature, art and music – as one of the most beautiful and inspiring manifestations of human behaviour. It has also been the subject of many psychological studies that have searched into the long-lasting and pervasive influence of this love (or its absence) on the development and future mental constitution of a child […]. Yet little is known of brain areas and pathways that correlate with this extraordinary affective state in the human. In pursuing our studies of the neurological foundations of love (Bartels & Zeki, 2000), we therefore thought it worthwhile to turn our attention next to maternal love. Maternal and romantic love share a common and crucial evolutionary purpose, namely the maintenance and perpetuation of the species. Both ensure the formation of firm bonds between individuals, by making this behaviour a rewarding experience. They therefore share a similar evolutionary origin and serve a similar biological function. It is likely that they also share at least a core of common neural mechanisms. Neuroendocrine, cellular and behavioural studies of various mammalian species ranging from rodents to primates show that the neurohormones vasopressin and oxytocin are involved in the formation and maintenance of attachment between individuals, and suggest a tight coupling between attachment processes and the neural systems for reward […]. This is confirmed by lesion, gene expression and behavioural studies in mammals […]. Interestingly, the same neurohormones are involved in the attachment …}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - G. Iurato
T1  - On the Œdipus complex , 1
AB  - Taking into account notable recent neuroimaging researches, it is possible to infer some first simple remarks which would suggest possible neurological bases to that fundamental psychoanalytic assumption which is the Freudian OEdipus complex. The following first very brief sketch has been just thought to simply highlight this fact. This very brief note is concerned with remarkable recent neurological researches, namely the works (Bartels & Zeki, 2000, 2004) and (Zeki, 2007), which are centered on the possible neural correlates of maternal and romantic love. Starting from this, our intention would be oriented toward the search for as many possible neurological basis of the well known OEdipus complex in the Freudian sense, above all, for boys. Indeed, according to these authors, «the tender intimacy and selflessness of a mother's love for her infant occupies a unique and exalted position in human conduct. Like romantic love, to which it is closely linked, it provides one of the most powerful motivations for human action, and has been celebrated throughout the ages – in literature, art and music – as one of the most beautiful and inspiring manifestations of human behaviour. It has also been the subject of many psychological studies that have searched into the long-lasting and pervasive influence of this love (or its absence) on the development and future mental constitution of a child […]. Yet little is known of brain areas and pathways that correlate with this extraordinary affective state in the human. In pursuing our studies of the neurological foundations of love (Bartels & Zeki, 2000), we therefore thought it worthwhile to turn our attention next to maternal love. Maternal and romantic love share a common and crucial evolutionary purpose, namely the maintenance and perpetuation of the species. Both ensure the formation of firm bonds between individuals, by making this behaviour a rewarding experience. They therefore share a similar evolutionary origin and serve a similar biological function. It is likely that they also share at least a core of common neural mechanisms. Neuroendocrine, cellular and behavioural studies of various mammalian species ranging from rodents to primates show that the neurohormones vasopressin and oxytocin are involved in the formation and maintenance of attachment between individuals, and suggest a tight coupling between attachment processes and the neural systems for reward […]. This is confirmed by lesion, gene expression and behavioural studies in mammals […]. Interestingly, the same neurohormones are involved in the attachment …
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{2f5aaae726d8f21f01c9fdc3e5a4f15d8dad9d51,
  author = {C. Hazan and L. Diamond},
  title = {The Place of Attachment in Human Mating},
  journal = {Review of General Psychology},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {186 - 204},
  doi = {10.1037/1089-2680.4.2.186},
  abstract = {Application of the principles of evolution and natural selection to the phenomena of human mating does not lead inevitably to a single theoretical model. According to the standard evolutionary model, formally known as sexual strategies theory (D. M. Buss & D. P. Schmitt, 1993), biologically based sex differences in parental investment have resulted in hard-wired sex differences in mate preferences and mating strategies. A critical analysis of the logical and empirical foundations of the theory reveals several weaknesses and limitations. This article demonstrates how attachment theory (J. Bowlby, 1969/1982, 1973, 1979, 1980, 1988) can be used to integrate a diverse set of ideas and research findings and provide a more grounded account of human mating.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - C. Hazan
AU  - L. Diamond
T1  - The Place of Attachment in Human Mating
JO  - Review of General Psychology
PY  - 2000
VL  - 4
SP  - 186 - 204
EP  - 186 - 204
DO  - 10.1037/1089-2680.4.2.186
AB  - Application of the principles of evolution and natural selection to the phenomena of human mating does not lead inevitably to a single theoretical model. According to the standard evolutionary model, formally known as sexual strategies theory (D. M. Buss & D. P. Schmitt, 1993), biologically based sex differences in parental investment have resulted in hard-wired sex differences in mate preferences and mating strategies. A critical analysis of the logical and empirical foundations of the theory reveals several weaknesses and limitations. This article demonstrates how attachment theory (J. Bowlby, 1969/1982, 1973, 1979, 1980, 1988) can be used to integrate a diverse set of ideas and research findings and provide a more grounded account of human mating.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{f2fffab062fe260902e6ac7cc42984f4c8e815c1,
  author = {F. Marlowe},
  title = {A critical period for provisioning by Hadza men: Implications for pair bonding},
  journal = {Evolution and Human Behavior},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {217-229},
  doi = {10.1016/S1090-5138(03)00014-X}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - F. Marlowe
T1  - A critical period for provisioning by Hadza men: Implications for pair bonding
JO  - Evolution and Human Behavior
PY  - 2003
VL  - 24
SP  - 217-229
EP  - 217-229
DO  - 10.1016/S1090-5138(03)00014-X
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{1d0351859d851cae9387a7c81151e37df423b01d,
  author = {Gian C. Gonzaga and R. Turner and D. Keltner and Belinda Campos and Margaret Altemus},
  title = {Romantic love and sexual desire in close relationships.},
  journal = {Emotion},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {6 2},
  pages = {
          163-79
        },
  doi = {10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.163},
  abstract = {Drawing on recent claims in the study of relationships, attachment, and emotion, the authors hypothesized that romantic love serves a commitment-related function and sexual desire a reproduction-related function. Consistent with these claims, in Study 1, brief experiences of romantic love and sexual desire observed in a 3-min interaction between romantic partners were related to distinct feeling states, distinct nonverbal displays, and commitment- and reproductive-related relationship outcomes, respectively. In Study 2, the nonverbal display of romantic love was related to the release of oxytocin. Discussion focuses on the place of romantic love and sexual desire in the literature on emotion.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Gian C. Gonzaga
AU  - R. Turner
AU  - D. Keltner
AU  - Belinda Campos
AU  - Margaret Altemus
T1  - Romantic love and sexual desire in close relationships.
JO  - Emotion
PY  - 2006
VL  - 6 2
SP  - 
          163-79
        
EP  - 
          163-79
        
DO  - 10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.163
AB  - Drawing on recent claims in the study of relationships, attachment, and emotion, the authors hypothesized that romantic love serves a commitment-related function and sexual desire a reproduction-related function. Consistent with these claims, in Study 1, brief experiences of romantic love and sexual desire observed in a 3-min interaction between romantic partners were related to distinct feeling states, distinct nonverbal displays, and commitment- and reproductive-related relationship outcomes, respectively. In Study 2, the nonverbal display of romantic love was related to the release of oxytocin. Discussion focuses on the place of romantic love and sexual desire in the literature on emotion.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{0ab79885b22f885294e64ecfb53c23a5e50aa11c,
  author = {Kristina M. Durante and Paul W. Eastwick and E. Finkel and S. Gangestad and J. Simpson},
  title = {Pair-Bonded Relationships and Romantic Alternatives: Toward an Integration of Evolutionary and Relationship Science Perspectives},
  journal = {Advances in Experimental Social Psychology},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {53},
  pages = {1-74},
  doi = {10.1016/BS.AESP.2015.09.001}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Kristina M. Durante
AU  - Paul W. Eastwick
AU  - E. Finkel
AU  - S. Gangestad
AU  - J. Simpson
T1  - Pair-Bonded Relationships and Romantic Alternatives: Toward an Integration of Evolutionary and Relationship Science Perspectives
JO  - Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
PY  - 2016
VL  - 53
SP  - 1-74
EP  - 1-74
DO  - 10.1016/BS.AESP.2015.09.001
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{e2576d142f2971374571e84e26c9eafa7996abdc,
  author = {D. Schmitt},
  title = {Fundamentals of Human Mating Strategies},
  journal = {},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {},
  pages = {1-23},
  doi = {10.1002/9781119125563.EVPSYCH111},
  abstract = {In this chapter, evidence is reviewed regarding the reproductive strategies—and specialized mating psychologies—fundamental to humans. Cross-species comparisons and ethnological patterns observed across foraging cultures help to clarify our most basic human mating adaptations. Overall, extant evidence suggests there is no single mating strategy in humans. Humans evolved a pluralistic mating repertoire that is facultatively responsive to sex, temporal contexts, personal characteristics such as mate value and ovulatory status, and evocative features of culture and local ecology. 
 
 
Keywords: 
 
human mating strategies; 
reproductive behavior; 
facultative adaptations}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - D. Schmitt
T1  - Fundamentals of Human Mating Strategies
PY  - 2015
SP  - 1-23
EP  - 1-23
DO  - 10.1002/9781119125563.EVPSYCH111
AB  - In this chapter, evidence is reviewed regarding the reproductive strategies—and specialized mating psychologies—fundamental to humans. Cross-species comparisons and ethnological patterns observed across foraging cultures help to clarify our most basic human mating adaptations. Overall, extant evidence suggests there is no single mating strategy in humans. Humans evolved a pluralistic mating repertoire that is facultatively responsive to sex, temporal contexts, personal characteristics such as mate value and ovulatory status, and evocative features of culture and local ecology. 
 
 
Keywords: 
 
human mating strategies; 
reproductive behavior; 
facultative adaptations
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{ca9e665e7067c207b7d1a6c5759aa2a67bd23ad9,
  author = {Luv Kush},
  title = {The Molecular Basis Of Love},
  journal = {International journal of innovative research and development},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {2},
  abstract = {Love is the cherished emotion and nutures the relationship. It is a chemical process. The neurochemicals and hormones are biochemical players of love making. Dopamine, norepinepherine, phenylethylamine, serotonin, estrogen, testosterone, oxytocin, vasopressin, endorphins and nerve growth factor are biomolecules of love. They define molecular basis of love. The chemistry of love in our brains is guided by DNA under the environmental influence. The chemical addiction of love has great demerit in modern arena. It keeps us reproducing, correctionpopulating, pooring and global warming. The martial and non-martial loves have their own achievements. The problems of love are addiction, boredom, polygamy adultery, incompatibility, loss of creativity, negative emotions, martial mishap, and biological precursor of poverty, population and pollution. Possibly the molecular basis of love can educate to keep the love-bonding free from the psychosocial and psychobiological adversities and tragedies.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Luv Kush
T1  - The Molecular Basis Of Love
JO  - International journal of innovative research and development
PY  - 2013
VL  - 2
AB  - Love is the cherished emotion and nutures the relationship. It is a chemical process. The neurochemicals and hormones are biochemical players of love making. Dopamine, norepinepherine, phenylethylamine, serotonin, estrogen, testosterone, oxytocin, vasopressin, endorphins and nerve growth factor are biomolecules of love. They define molecular basis of love. The chemistry of love in our brains is guided by DNA under the environmental influence. The chemical addiction of love has great demerit in modern arena. It keeps us reproducing, correctionpopulating, pooring and global warming. The martial and non-martial loves have their own achievements. The problems of love are addiction, boredom, polygamy adultery, incompatibility, loss of creativity, negative emotions, martial mishap, and biological precursor of poverty, population and pollution. Possibly the molecular basis of love can educate to keep the love-bonding free from the psychosocial and psychobiological adversities and tragedies.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{bf12c86fa2f454003458260f43405723c57c8c9b,
  author = {N. Fayyaz},
  title = {The Influence of Evolutionary Psychology on Human Mating and Sexual Behavior},
  journal = {Universal Journal of Psychology},
  year = {2019},
  doi = {10.13189/ujp.2019.070401},
  abstract = {Over the course of history, human beings have taken keen interest in the mating activity. The survival of the human species has been dependent on sexual mating and human reproduction; the need for sexual companionship has played a pivotal role in building societies and establishing social as well as intimate relationships. To overcome the problem of finding a suitable sexual partner, men and women adopt different strategies, based on their roles in the society. This paper discusses the impact of Evolutionary Psychology on Human mating and sexual behavior. David Buss's Sexual Strategies Theory is considered one of the major research programs to investigate how this relationship works. This paper aims to provide an emotional and cultural perspective on how evolutionary psychology has influenced human sexual and mating behaviors. It can be said that Buss's theory, despite being one of its kind, has failed to look at the complete picture. These limitations are due to various reasons; such as over emphasis on the polygamous nature of men, the evaluation of parental investment of both sexes, the problems each of the sexes can solve by using these strategies and how mating is considered an individual activity instead of a cooperative one. The cultural, philosophical and emotional take on the evolution of human sexual behavior brings a fresh and creative outlook.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - N. Fayyaz
T1  - The Influence of Evolutionary Psychology on Human Mating and Sexual Behavior
JO  - Universal Journal of Psychology
PY  - 2019
DO  - 10.13189/ujp.2019.070401
AB  - Over the course of history, human beings have taken keen interest in the mating activity. The survival of the human species has been dependent on sexual mating and human reproduction; the need for sexual companionship has played a pivotal role in building societies and establishing social as well as intimate relationships. To overcome the problem of finding a suitable sexual partner, men and women adopt different strategies, based on their roles in the society. This paper discusses the impact of Evolutionary Psychology on Human mating and sexual behavior. David Buss's Sexual Strategies Theory is considered one of the major research programs to investigate how this relationship works. This paper aims to provide an emotional and cultural perspective on how evolutionary psychology has influenced human sexual and mating behaviors. It can be said that Buss's theory, despite being one of its kind, has failed to look at the complete picture. These limitations are due to various reasons; such as over emphasis on the polygamous nature of men, the evaluation of parental investment of both sexes, the problems each of the sexes can solve by using these strategies and how mating is considered an individual activity instead of a cooperative one. The cultural, philosophical and emotional take on the evolution of human sexual behavior brings a fresh and creative outlook.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{23acfdc48983d9f24e0d238b825bdc9cb7106617,
  author = {D. Buss and D. Schmitt},
  title = {Mate Preferences and Their Behavioral Manifestations.},
  journal = {Annual review of psychology},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {70},
  pages = {
          77-110
        },
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103408},
  abstract = {Evolved mate preferences comprise a central causal process in Darwin's theory of sexual selection. Their powerful influences have been documented in all sexually reproducing species, including in sexual strategies in humans. This article reviews the science of human mate preferences and their myriad behavioral manifestations. We discuss sex differences and sex similarities in human sexual psychology, which vary according to short-term and long-term mating contexts. We review context-specific shifts in mating strategy depending on individual, social, and ecological qualities such as mate value, life history strategy, sex ratio, gender economic inequality, and cultural norms. We review the empirical evidence for the impact of mate preferences on actual mating decisions. Mate preferences also dramatically influence tactics of mate attraction, tactics of mate retention, patterns of deception, causes of sexual regret, attraction to cues to sexual exploitability, attraction to cues to fertility, attraction to cues to resources and protection, derogation of competitors, causes of breakups, and patterns of remarriage. We conclude by articulating unresolved issues and offer a future agenda for the science of human mating, including how humans invent novel cultural technologies to better implement ancient sexual strategies and how cultural evolution may be dramatically influencing our evolved mating psychology.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - D. Buss
AU  - D. Schmitt
T1  - Mate Preferences and Their Behavioral Manifestations.
JO  - Annual review of psychology
PY  - 2019
VL  - 70
SP  - 
          77-110
        
EP  - 
          77-110
        
DO  - 10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103408
AB  - Evolved mate preferences comprise a central causal process in Darwin's theory of sexual selection. Their powerful influences have been documented in all sexually reproducing species, including in sexual strategies in humans. This article reviews the science of human mate preferences and their myriad behavioral manifestations. We discuss sex differences and sex similarities in human sexual psychology, which vary according to short-term and long-term mating contexts. We review context-specific shifts in mating strategy depending on individual, social, and ecological qualities such as mate value, life history strategy, sex ratio, gender economic inequality, and cultural norms. We review the empirical evidence for the impact of mate preferences on actual mating decisions. Mate preferences also dramatically influence tactics of mate attraction, tactics of mate retention, patterns of deception, causes of sexual regret, attraction to cues to sexual exploitability, attraction to cues to fertility, attraction to cues to resources and protection, derogation of competitors, causes of breakups, and patterns of remarriage. We conclude by articulating unresolved issues and offer a future agenda for the science of human mating, including how humans invent novel cultural technologies to better implement ancient sexual strategies and how cultural evolution may be dramatically influencing our evolved mating psychology.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{02cde43984dc6da311b92291f6502c7837f0a341,
  author = {C. Carter},
  title = {The Role of Oxytocin and Vasopressin in Attachment.},
  journal = {Psychodynamic psychiatry},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {45 4},
  pages = {
          499-517
        },
  doi = {10.1521/pdps.2017.45.4.499},
  abstract = {Selective relationships and attachments are central to human health and well-being, both in current societies and during the course of evolution. The presence or absence of social bonds has consequences across the lifespan. The neurobiology of attachment is grounded in neuroendocrine substrates that are shared with reproduction and survival. Experimental studies of species, such as sheep or prairie voles, capable of showing selective social behaviors toward offspring or partners, have provided empirical evidence for the role of oxytocin and vasopressin in the formation of selective attachments. Developmental exposure to social experiences and to peptides, including oxytocin and vasopressin, also can "retune" the nervous system, altering thresholds for sociality, emotion regulation, and aggression. Without oxytocin and without the ability to form attachments the human brain as we know it could not exist. Knowledge of the neurobiology of attachment, and especially the role of oxytocin, also has implications for understanding both healthy behavior and treating mental disorders.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - C. Carter
T1  - The Role of Oxytocin and Vasopressin in Attachment.
JO  - Psychodynamic psychiatry
PY  - 2017
VL  - 45 4
SP  - 
          499-517
        
EP  - 
          499-517
        
DO  - 10.1521/pdps.2017.45.4.499
AB  - Selective relationships and attachments are central to human health and well-being, both in current societies and during the course of evolution. The presence or absence of social bonds has consequences across the lifespan. The neurobiology of attachment is grounded in neuroendocrine substrates that are shared with reproduction and survival. Experimental studies of species, such as sheep or prairie voles, capable of showing selective social behaviors toward offspring or partners, have provided empirical evidence for the role of oxytocin and vasopressin in the formation of selective attachments. Developmental exposure to social experiences and to peptides, including oxytocin and vasopressin, also can "retune" the nervous system, altering thresholds for sociality, emotion regulation, and aggression. Without oxytocin and without the ability to form attachments the human brain as we know it could not exist. Knowledge of the neurobiology of attachment, and especially the role of oxytocin, also has implications for understanding both healthy behavior and treating mental disorders.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{8088b683480981b1e3bf5b4df2a4a2d47bebcadc,
  author = {L. Campbell and B. Ellis},
  title = {Commitment, Love, and Mate Retention},
  journal = {},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {},
  pages = {419-442},
  doi = {10.1002/9780470939376.CH14}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - L. Campbell
AU  - B. Ellis
T1  - Commitment, Love, and Mate Retention
PY  - 2015
SP  - 419-442
EP  - 419-442
DO  - 10.1002/9780470939376.CH14
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{4d9a10e6a1b66c6e50366fc52a3c21ce46b6cf06,
  author = {Helen E. Fisher},
  title = {Evolution of human serial pairbonding.},
  journal = {American journal of physical anthropology},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {78 3},
  pages = {
          331-54
        },
  doi = {10.1002/AJPA.1330780303},
  abstract = {Data on divorce taken for all available years between 1947 and 1981 from the Demographic Yearbooks of the United Nations on 58 peoples illustrate that divorce has a consistent pattern. Divorces exhibit a skewed distribution, characterized by the occurrence of the mode early in marriage (with a divorce peak on or around the fourth year) and a gradual, long-tailed decline following this peak. Divorce risk peaks in age category 25-29 for males and age categories 20-24 and 25-29 for females, the height of reproductive and parenting years, and divorce counts peak among couples with two or fewer children. These properties of divorce are unrelated to divorce rate; they occur in societies with both high and low divorce rates. Data on available horticultural and gathering/hunting societies illustrate that divorce also peaks among young couples early in marriage. Remarriage by divorced and widowed individuals of reproductive age is also common cross-culturally. It is proposed that the above four-year modal marriage duration among couples of reproductive age who divorce reflects a hominid reproductive strategy that probably evolved some time after the appearance of Homo in response to increased female "reproductive burden" and functioned to ensure the survival of the hominid infant through weaning. Serial pairbonding during the female's reproductive years had ancestral adaptive advantages, producing the modern cross-cultural pattern of serial pairbonding.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Helen E. Fisher
T1  - Evolution of human serial pairbonding.
JO  - American journal of physical anthropology
PY  - 1989
VL  - 78 3
SP  - 
          331-54
        
EP  - 
          331-54
        
DO  - 10.1002/AJPA.1330780303
AB  - Data on divorce taken for all available years between 1947 and 1981 from the Demographic Yearbooks of the United Nations on 58 peoples illustrate that divorce has a consistent pattern. Divorces exhibit a skewed distribution, characterized by the occurrence of the mode early in marriage (with a divorce peak on or around the fourth year) and a gradual, long-tailed decline following this peak. Divorce risk peaks in age category 25-29 for males and age categories 20-24 and 25-29 for females, the height of reproductive and parenting years, and divorce counts peak among couples with two or fewer children. These properties of divorce are unrelated to divorce rate; they occur in societies with both high and low divorce rates. Data on available horticultural and gathering/hunting societies illustrate that divorce also peaks among young couples early in marriage. Remarriage by divorced and widowed individuals of reproductive age is also common cross-culturally. It is proposed that the above four-year modal marriage duration among couples of reproductive age who divorce reflects a hominid reproductive strategy that probably evolved some time after the appearance of Homo in response to increased female "reproductive burden" and functioned to ensure the survival of the hominid infant through weaning. Serial pairbonding during the female's reproductive years had ancestral adaptive advantages, producing the modern cross-cultural pattern of serial pairbonding.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{3a33d70cdc521a15ea84a071bed9c2569ee242f3,
  author = {D. Buss},
  title = {The Evolution of Love in Humans},
  journal = {The New Psychology of Love},
  year = {2018},
  doi = {10.1017/9781108658225.004}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - D. Buss
T1  - The Evolution of Love in Humans
JO  - The New Psychology of Love
PY  - 2018
DO  - 10.1017/9781108658225.004
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{94fface3a8bc74c84bf052ef75196b93157001d8,
  author = {D. Marazziti and G. Cassano},
  title = {The neurobiology of attraction.},
  journal = {Journal of endocrinological investigation},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {26 3 Suppl},
  pages = {
          58-60
        },
  abstract = {In these last years, emotions and feelings, such as attachment, couple and parental bonding and even love, typical of higher mammals, neglected for centuries by experimental sciences, have become the topic of extensive neuroscientific research in order to elucidate their biological mechanisms. Several observations have highlighted the role of monoamines and of neuropeptides, in particular oxytocin, vasopressin and opioids, but this is only the beginning of the story. Love, the most typical human feeling, can be viewed as a dynamic process that represents the result of different components probably subserved by distinct neural substrates at different times. As such, some steps can be identified, in particular its beginning, which is the process of attraction, followed by the attachment process that, in some cases, can last forever. This paper will make some general speculations on the attraction process, in the light of the experience of the Authors.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - D. Marazziti
AU  - G. Cassano
T1  - The neurobiology of attraction.
JO  - Journal of endocrinological investigation
PY  - 2003
VL  - 26 3 Suppl
SP  - 
          58-60
        
EP  - 
          58-60
        
AB  - In these last years, emotions and feelings, such as attachment, couple and parental bonding and even love, typical of higher mammals, neglected for centuries by experimental sciences, have become the topic of extensive neuroscientific research in order to elucidate their biological mechanisms. Several observations have highlighted the role of monoamines and of neuropeptides, in particular oxytocin, vasopressin and opioids, but this is only the beginning of the story. Love, the most typical human feeling, can be viewed as a dynamic process that represents the result of different components probably subserved by distinct neural substrates at different times. As such, some steps can be identified, in particular its beginning, which is the process of attraction, followed by the attachment process that, in some cases, can last forever. This paper will make some general speculations on the attraction process, in the light of the experience of the Authors.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{dad342400daa15bddb2ac64b3929a8236e9ab4a0,
  author = {P. Shipman},
  title = {A Reply to Helvenston and Hodgson, and Neely},
  journal = {Current Anthropology},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {52},
  pages = {437 - 437},
  doi = {10.1086/659844},
  abstract = {One of the advantages of publishing a wide-ranging paper like “The animal connection and human evolution” in Current Anthropology is the opportunity this venue provides for a meaningful dialogue with readers. I am especially pleased that Helvenston and Hodgson, and Neely, have responded with such interesting ideas and observations, not to mention several scholars who have contacted me privately to make me aware of publications that I had, sadly, missed or shortchanged in my paper. Helvenston and Hodgson bring to my attention their thoughtful article in 2006 that presents a neurological perspective on the ways in which the importance of animals may have influenced cognitive development and perhaps led to artistic depictions of animals. They rightly observe that primates in general, and higher primates in particular, have neurological adaptations that can (and do) lead to advantageous abilities to focus on animals, to imitate animals, and to identify behaviors or postures typical of particular species. As they point out, all of these abilities would be important to hunting success and to simple survival. They also postulate a link between behaving like an animal through physical imitation of movements, wearing skins, and so on—as an aid to hunting—and the extension of these “representations” to the artistic depiction of animals that so predominate in prehistoric art. Neely goes a bit farther out on a speculative limb. She observes that wolves—as the starting point for the first domesticate—are monogamous. Similarly, pair-bonding has been postulated by scholars (e.g., Lovejoy 1981; White et al. 2009) to have been characteristic of hominids from early in their evolutionary history. Neely speculates that hominids might have seen the very useful and impressive abilities of wolves and protodogs as being related to their monogamous social organization, leading to a symbolic (but not genetic) value being placed on monogamy. She may be right because, as she comments, humans do often place a symbolic value on behaviors that they believe influence their survival. A simple parallel can be found among athletes who wear a “lucky shirt” or socks or hat in hopes this behavior will cause them to excel as they have before in that garb. I would be more thoroughly persuaded of the impact of monogamy or pairbonding on human evolution if Neely had explained why monogamy did not assume symbolic importance in other species and did not contribute to the origin of tool making and language in other species, as far as we know.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - P. Shipman
T1  - A Reply to Helvenston and Hodgson, and Neely
JO  - Current Anthropology
PY  - 2011
VL  - 52
SP  - 437 - 437
EP  - 437 - 437
DO  - 10.1086/659844
AB  - One of the advantages of publishing a wide-ranging paper like “The animal connection and human evolution” in Current Anthropology is the opportunity this venue provides for a meaningful dialogue with readers. I am especially pleased that Helvenston and Hodgson, and Neely, have responded with such interesting ideas and observations, not to mention several scholars who have contacted me privately to make me aware of publications that I had, sadly, missed or shortchanged in my paper. Helvenston and Hodgson bring to my attention their thoughtful article in 2006 that presents a neurological perspective on the ways in which the importance of animals may have influenced cognitive development and perhaps led to artistic depictions of animals. They rightly observe that primates in general, and higher primates in particular, have neurological adaptations that can (and do) lead to advantageous abilities to focus on animals, to imitate animals, and to identify behaviors or postures typical of particular species. As they point out, all of these abilities would be important to hunting success and to simple survival. They also postulate a link between behaving like an animal through physical imitation of movements, wearing skins, and so on—as an aid to hunting—and the extension of these “representations” to the artistic depiction of animals that so predominate in prehistoric art. Neely goes a bit farther out on a speculative limb. She observes that wolves—as the starting point for the first domesticate—are monogamous. Similarly, pair-bonding has been postulated by scholars (e.g., Lovejoy 1981; White et al. 2009) to have been characteristic of hominids from early in their evolutionary history. Neely speculates that hominids might have seen the very useful and impressive abilities of wolves and protodogs as being related to their monogamous social organization, leading to a symbolic (but not genetic) value being placed on monogamy. She may be right because, as she comments, humans do often place a symbolic value on behaviors that they believe influence their survival. A simple parallel can be found among athletes who wear a “lucky shirt” or socks or hat in hopes this behavior will cause them to excel as they have before in that garb. I would be more thoroughly persuaded of the impact of monogamy or pairbonding on human evolution if Neely had explained why monogamy did not assume symbolic importance in other species and did not contribute to the origin of tool making and language in other species, as far as we know.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{be458a76a02037267b8cb9dab31ed0e691724f7d,
  author = {René van Hezewijk and T. Verheggen},
  title = {Close the gap},
  year = {2010},
  abstract = {Paper presented at the ISTP Conference, Toronto 2007. Mate choice, courting, parental investment, attractiveness, and love are a few examples of human interactions in which evolutionary psychology has a keen interest. Theories like this shed light on human partner preferences and there is quite strong empirical support for that as well. Roughly the general version says that 
For any member of the sexes, if the individual is interested in long-term mating, it will select a mate that is showing to be 
1. able to invest in the relationship and in their offspring 
2. willing to invest in the relationship and in their offspring 
3. able to physically protect self, partner and offspring 
4. having good parenting skills 
5. compatible with the self (has similar values, age, personality etc.) 
 
These studies show how the preferences in partner selection resemble each other. Over many countries and cultures, within and between the sexes, within and between age groups, social economic classes etc. people all are, to certain extend alike in what they like and dislike. The interpretation of what is alike, however, is a matter of debate. That is, “resemblance” always is resemblance in the eye of the persons or organisms that compare. 
 
So a preference for a certain body shape, for symmetry, for sharp male facial contours and soft contours in the female face, for a particular waist-hip ratio etc. is in the eye of the beholder. That is, in the eye of the organism involved, or at least in the eye of the sex of the organism involved, or at least in the eye of the members of a certain age, culture, historical period of the sex of the organism involved, or at least…etc. 
 
From another angle there are studies of how personal knowledge of the human body partially accounts for the experience of romantic love in humans. Helen Fisher’s work is an example. Focusing on the experiences of human beings concerning romantic love, she reports remarkable regularities in and resemblances of feelings between human beings from different countries, cultures, ages, the sexes and even, apparently, between non-human animals – primates, and some other mammals in particular. What is remarkable here is that they mostly report of either internal feelings or the bilateral meaningful behavior and expected or hoped for behavior of the one in love and the one loved.From yet one other angle, Antonio Damasio’s theory on emotions and feelings also seems to enhance evolutionary psychology’s claims. Damasio suggests that vision, hearing, touch, taste and smell result from nerve activation patterns that reflect states of the external world. Emotions, on the other hand, are nerve activation patterns that correspond to the state of the internal world. The experience of sexual attraction is activated but also recorded in nerve cell activation patterns obtained by the brain from neural and hormonal feedback, and is experienced as a body state.Briefly, we argue, the way we interpret or represent our feelings, depends on how feelings are stylized, articulated, and expressed in communities. From (socially) skilled members of the group we learn how to appropriately deal with affects.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - René van Hezewijk
AU  - T. Verheggen
T1  - Close the gap
PY  - 2010
AB  - Paper presented at the ISTP Conference, Toronto 2007. Mate choice, courting, parental investment, attractiveness, and love are a few examples of human interactions in which evolutionary psychology has a keen interest. Theories like this shed light on human partner preferences and there is quite strong empirical support for that as well. Roughly the general version says that 
For any member of the sexes, if the individual is interested in long-term mating, it will select a mate that is showing to be 
1. able to invest in the relationship and in their offspring 
2. willing to invest in the relationship and in their offspring 
3. able to physically protect self, partner and offspring 
4. having good parenting skills 
5. compatible with the self (has similar values, age, personality etc.) 
 
These studies show how the preferences in partner selection resemble each other. Over many countries and cultures, within and between the sexes, within and between age groups, social economic classes etc. people all are, to certain extend alike in what they like and dislike. The interpretation of what is alike, however, is a matter of debate. That is, “resemblance” always is resemblance in the eye of the persons or organisms that compare. 
 
So a preference for a certain body shape, for symmetry, for sharp male facial contours and soft contours in the female face, for a particular waist-hip ratio etc. is in the eye of the beholder. That is, in the eye of the organism involved, or at least in the eye of the sex of the organism involved, or at least in the eye of the members of a certain age, culture, historical period of the sex of the organism involved, or at least…etc. 
 
From another angle there are studies of how personal knowledge of the human body partially accounts for the experience of romantic love in humans. Helen Fisher’s work is an example. Focusing on the experiences of human beings concerning romantic love, she reports remarkable regularities in and resemblances of feelings between human beings from different countries, cultures, ages, the sexes and even, apparently, between non-human animals – primates, and some other mammals in particular. What is remarkable here is that they mostly report of either internal feelings or the bilateral meaningful behavior and expected or hoped for behavior of the one in love and the one loved.From yet one other angle, Antonio Damasio’s theory on emotions and feelings also seems to enhance evolutionary psychology’s claims. Damasio suggests that vision, hearing, touch, taste and smell result from nerve activation patterns that reflect states of the external world. Emotions, on the other hand, are nerve activation patterns that correspond to the state of the internal world. The experience of sexual attraction is activated but also recorded in nerve cell activation patterns obtained by the brain from neural and hormonal feedback, and is experienced as a body state.Briefly, we argue, the way we interpret or represent our feelings, depends on how feelings are stylized, articulated, and expressed in communities. From (socially) skilled members of the group we learn how to appropriately deal with affects.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{5dd97d4252898f6ddc1f7a3155ae72bc223f0a6e,
  author = {K. Bales and Cory S. Ardekani and A. Baxter and Chloe L Karaskiewicz and Jace X. Kuske and Allison R. Lau and Logan E Savidge and Kristina Sayler and Lynea R Witczak},
  title = {What is a pair bond?},
  journal = {Hormones and Behavior},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {136},
  doi = {10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105062}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - K. Bales
AU  - Cory S. Ardekani
AU  - A. Baxter
AU  - Chloe L Karaskiewicz
AU  - Jace X. Kuske
AU  - Allison R. Lau
AU  - Logan E Savidge
AU  - Kristina Sayler
AU  - Lynea R Witczak
T1  - What is a pair bond?
JO  - Hormones and Behavior
PY  - 2021
VL  - 136
DO  - 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105062
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{1477139aed32f60bceab790e2882c7220f62aa90,
  author = {G. Schuiling},
  title = {The benefit and the doubt: why monogamy?},
  journal = {Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {55 - 61},
  doi = {10.3109/01674820309042802},
  abstract = {Monogamy - a bond between two partners of opposite sex - is a relatively rare phenomenon in mammals (3-5%, from a total of 4000 mammalian species). The duration of the bond may vary from one breeding period to life-long. Monogamy does not exclude ‘genetic promiscuity’, i.e., extra-pair mating. In fact, this is rather common. Monogamy is an intrinsically unstable mating strategy. Benefits include the (relative) certainty of access to the partner's reproductive potential, but the chief disadvantage is that access to other potential partners is strongly diminished, particularly in those cases where males exhibit strong mate-guarding behavior. Mate-guarding, in particular the guarding by males of females with a good territory or of females that accept the territory of a male, has been shown to be the most important selective pressure leading to the evolution of monogamy. A monogamic bond strongly favors the evolution of male investment in the raising of offspring, as is the case in most birds (90% of bird species are monogamic and most exhibit biparental care of young). Mammals exhibit this type of behavior to a far lesser extent (female mammals monopolize the feeding of newly born young). Most male mammals do not look after their offspring; humans are an exception in this respect. Like most mammals, humans are not strictly monogamic. A tendency to social monogamy has evolved, however, and is subject to strong reinforcement by cultural factors, particularly religion. As a result, in a number of cultures monogamy is the predominant mating system; however, most cultures (about 85 %) are polygamic. For humans, the optimal evolutionary strategy is monogamy when necessary, polygamy when possible.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - G. Schuiling
T1  - The benefit and the doubt: why monogamy?
JO  - Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology
PY  - 2003
VL  - 24
SP  - 55 - 61
EP  - 55 - 61
DO  - 10.3109/01674820309042802
AB  - Monogamy - a bond between two partners of opposite sex - is a relatively rare phenomenon in mammals (3-5%, from a total of 4000 mammalian species). The duration of the bond may vary from one breeding period to life-long. Monogamy does not exclude ‘genetic promiscuity’, i.e., extra-pair mating. In fact, this is rather common. Monogamy is an intrinsically unstable mating strategy. Benefits include the (relative) certainty of access to the partner's reproductive potential, but the chief disadvantage is that access to other potential partners is strongly diminished, particularly in those cases where males exhibit strong mate-guarding behavior. Mate-guarding, in particular the guarding by males of females with a good territory or of females that accept the territory of a male, has been shown to be the most important selective pressure leading to the evolution of monogamy. A monogamic bond strongly favors the evolution of male investment in the raising of offspring, as is the case in most birds (90% of bird species are monogamic and most exhibit biparental care of young). Mammals exhibit this type of behavior to a far lesser extent (female mammals monopolize the feeding of newly born young). Most male mammals do not look after their offspring; humans are an exception in this respect. Like most mammals, humans are not strictly monogamic. A tendency to social monogamy has evolved, however, and is subject to strong reinforcement by cultural factors, particularly religion. As a result, in a number of cultures monogamy is the predominant mating system; however, most cultures (about 85 %) are polygamic. For humans, the optimal evolutionary strategy is monogamy when necessary, polygamy when possible.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{d6e9e23ea701461f029368bcdb3a2b09b352fe43,
  author = {J. Nowicki},
  title = {Neural and ecological basis of pair bonding in butterflyfishes (F: Chaetodontidae)},
  journal = {},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {},
  doi = {10.4225/28/5A94F22D9A50E},
  abstract = {Pair bonding has independently evolved in all major vertebrate lineages, where it represents a major defining feature of species-specific social structure. As such, proximate neural reasons for how, and adaptive reasons for why pair bonding occurs are fairly well established, at least for mammals and birds. In these later vertebrates, particularly mammals, there are four integral neurochemical systems involved: oxytocin, arginine vasotocin, dopamine, and opioid systems. Both oxytocin and arginine vasotocin systems facilitate partner attachment, presumably by mediating social memory. Meanwhile, dopamine and opioid systems appear to facilitate partner attachment by mediating partner reward learning and associated motivation/positive hedonics, respectively. Much less is known about the underlying neural or adaptive basis of pair bonding among reptiles, amphibians, and fishes. This is nonetheless very important, mainly because these lineages possess specific qualities, such as the general lack of bi-parental care, that facilitate improved understanding neurobiological systems that independently underpin pair bonding. Moreover, these lineages provide insight into the early evolution and subsequent evolutionary history of vertebrate pair bonding. 
 
The overall objective of my thesis was to investigate the i) underlying neurobiological basis and ii) ecological benefits of pair bonding in fishes, and specifically, among coral reef butterflyfishes (f: Chaetodontidae). As a first step, I sought to establish a novel butterflyfish model system for conducting integrative, comparative and experimental neural research. By undertaking extensive in situ behavioural observations on wild fishes, I show that pair bonding vs. non-pair bonding sociality varies markedly among adults of Chaetodon lunulatus (84% are pair bonding, whereas 16% are solitary), and among six congeners (84% of C. lunulatus, 78% of C. baronessa, and 71% of C. vagabundus adults are pair bonded, whereas 88% of C. rainfordi, 90% of C. plebeius, and 80% of C. trifascialis adults are solitary). Interestingly, several key attributes, including parental care, do not co-vary with these species differences in sociality. I also show that an ecologically relevant character of Chaetodon pair bonding, namely preferential affiliation with partner, is reliably elicited in C. lunulatus males using the laboratory "two-choice proximity" assay. When given a choice to affiliate with either their partner or a non-partner female conspecific, the majority of males spent on average 54/60min affiliating with their partner, and only 8/60min affiliating with a non-partner female. These findings reaffirm previous assumptions of the sociality of these species, and validate that the proposed butterflyfish systems are amenable for undertaking highly controlled comparative, and reliable experimental research into fish pair boding. 
 
I then used the established C. lunulatus model system for conducting integrative neural research, testing the hypothesis that regulatory neuro-chemical and –anatomical substrates may be similar to the mammalian model, Microtus ochrogaster. Peripheral administration of isotocin (IT, teleost homologue of oxytocin), arginine vasotocin (AVT, teleost homologue of arginine vasopressin) V1a receptor antagonists attenuates partner preference in males, indicating their functional involvement in pair bonding; however, administering dopamine D1 or mu-opioid receptor antagonists has no significant effect. Comparisons of gene expression of ITR, V1aR, D1R, D2R, and MORs within eight brain regions between pair bonded and solitary individuals showed that for females, differences in IT and V1a nonapeptide receptor expression within the lateral septum-like region (the ventral and lateral regions of the ventral telencephalon, Vv/Vl) is associated with differences in pairing phenotype. It further revealed that for both sexes, differences in dopamine D1, D2, and mu-opioid receptor expression within several regions of the mesolimbic reward system, including the striatum-like region (the central nucleus of the ventral telencephalon, Vc), is associated with differences in pairing phenotype. 
 
Finally, to explore the ecological basis of butterflyfish pair bonding, I tested the assisted resource defence hypothesis (ARDH) for pair bonding in two strongly pair bonding Chaetodon species. In situ observations of wild individuals suggest that paired individuals assist their partners while defending feeding territories in a species-specific manner, such that C. lunulatus displays mutual partner assistance, whereas C. baronessa displays male-prioritized partner assistance. In both species, partner assistance appears to confer gains in feeding and energy reserves to partners over their solitary counterparts. Experimentally inducing new partnerships in situ immediately evoked marked declines in relations between partners of the new pair and between the new pair and their neighbouring pairs, leading to severe declines in feeding rate that eventually recovered with subsequent partner fidelity. Taken together, these findings corroborate with previous findings in butterflyfishes, further supporting ARDH for pair bonding in these organisms, and furthermore suggests that partner fidelity is critical for promoting assisted resource defence. 
 
Overall, the results of this thesis demonstrate that in butterflyfishes, nonapeptide, dopamine, and opioid systems acting within specific nodes of the vertebrate social decision making network regulate pair bonding, in order to provide social assistance during defense of food resources. Based on the broader comparison of these results with those of mammals and birds, I furthermore conclude that in at least very selective cases, the convergence of pair bonding across exceptionally wide evolutionary distances is a consequence of pair bonding repeatedly serving an analogous ecological function through the repeated co-option of homologous neural structures. In order to determine the extent to which this has occurred, however, complementary studies in more vertebrates (most urgently amphibians and reptiles) are now needed.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - J. Nowicki
T1  - Neural and ecological basis of pair bonding in butterflyfishes (F: Chaetodontidae)
PY  - 2017
DO  - 10.4225/28/5A94F22D9A50E
AB  - Pair bonding has independently evolved in all major vertebrate lineages, where it represents a major defining feature of species-specific social structure. As such, proximate neural reasons for how, and adaptive reasons for why pair bonding occurs are fairly well established, at least for mammals and birds. In these later vertebrates, particularly mammals, there are four integral neurochemical systems involved: oxytocin, arginine vasotocin, dopamine, and opioid systems. Both oxytocin and arginine vasotocin systems facilitate partner attachment, presumably by mediating social memory. Meanwhile, dopamine and opioid systems appear to facilitate partner attachment by mediating partner reward learning and associated motivation/positive hedonics, respectively. Much less is known about the underlying neural or adaptive basis of pair bonding among reptiles, amphibians, and fishes. This is nonetheless very important, mainly because these lineages possess specific qualities, such as the general lack of bi-parental care, that facilitate improved understanding neurobiological systems that independently underpin pair bonding. Moreover, these lineages provide insight into the early evolution and subsequent evolutionary history of vertebrate pair bonding. 
 
The overall objective of my thesis was to investigate the i) underlying neurobiological basis and ii) ecological benefits of pair bonding in fishes, and specifically, among coral reef butterflyfishes (f: Chaetodontidae). As a first step, I sought to establish a novel butterflyfish model system for conducting integrative, comparative and experimental neural research. By undertaking extensive in situ behavioural observations on wild fishes, I show that pair bonding vs. non-pair bonding sociality varies markedly among adults of Chaetodon lunulatus (84% are pair bonding, whereas 16% are solitary), and among six congeners (84% of C. lunulatus, 78% of C. baronessa, and 71% of C. vagabundus adults are pair bonded, whereas 88% of C. rainfordi, 90% of C. plebeius, and 80% of C. trifascialis adults are solitary). Interestingly, several key attributes, including parental care, do not co-vary with these species differences in sociality. I also show that an ecologically relevant character of Chaetodon pair bonding, namely preferential affiliation with partner, is reliably elicited in C. lunulatus males using the laboratory "two-choice proximity" assay. When given a choice to affiliate with either their partner or a non-partner female conspecific, the majority of males spent on average 54/60min affiliating with their partner, and only 8/60min affiliating with a non-partner female. These findings reaffirm previous assumptions of the sociality of these species, and validate that the proposed butterflyfish systems are amenable for undertaking highly controlled comparative, and reliable experimental research into fish pair boding. 
 
I then used the established C. lunulatus model system for conducting integrative neural research, testing the hypothesis that regulatory neuro-chemical and –anatomical substrates may be similar to the mammalian model, Microtus ochrogaster. Peripheral administration of isotocin (IT, teleost homologue of oxytocin), arginine vasotocin (AVT, teleost homologue of arginine vasopressin) V1a receptor antagonists attenuates partner preference in males, indicating their functional involvement in pair bonding; however, administering dopamine D1 or mu-opioid receptor antagonists has no significant effect. Comparisons of gene expression of ITR, V1aR, D1R, D2R, and MORs within eight brain regions between pair bonded and solitary individuals showed that for females, differences in IT and V1a nonapeptide receptor expression within the lateral septum-like region (the ventral and lateral regions of the ventral telencephalon, Vv/Vl) is associated with differences in pairing phenotype. It further revealed that for both sexes, differences in dopamine D1, D2, and mu-opioid receptor expression within several regions of the mesolimbic reward system, including the striatum-like region (the central nucleus of the ventral telencephalon, Vc), is associated with differences in pairing phenotype. 
 
Finally, to explore the ecological basis of butterflyfish pair bonding, I tested the assisted resource defence hypothesis (ARDH) for pair bonding in two strongly pair bonding Chaetodon species. In situ observations of wild individuals suggest that paired individuals assist their partners while defending feeding territories in a species-specific manner, such that C. lunulatus displays mutual partner assistance, whereas C. baronessa displays male-prioritized partner assistance. In both species, partner assistance appears to confer gains in feeding and energy reserves to partners over their solitary counterparts. Experimentally inducing new partnerships in situ immediately evoked marked declines in relations between partners of the new pair and between the new pair and their neighbouring pairs, leading to severe declines in feeding rate that eventually recovered with subsequent partner fidelity. Taken together, these findings corroborate with previous findings in butterflyfishes, further supporting ARDH for pair bonding in these organisms, and furthermore suggests that partner fidelity is critical for promoting assisted resource defence. 
 
Overall, the results of this thesis demonstrate that in butterflyfishes, nonapeptide, dopamine, and opioid systems acting within specific nodes of the vertebrate social decision making network regulate pair bonding, in order to provide social assistance during defense of food resources. Based on the broader comparison of these results with those of mammals and birds, I furthermore conclude that in at least very selective cases, the convergence of pair bonding across exceptionally wide evolutionary distances is a consequence of pair bonding repeatedly serving an analogous ecological function through the repeated co-option of homologous neural structures. In order to determine the extent to which this has occurred, however, complementary studies in more vertebrates (most urgently amphibians and reptiles) are now needed.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{5c3ea554b09c210db68f275ecab3a7733576a20b,
  author = {Naomi R. Cahn and J. Carbone},
  title = {The Biological Basis of Commitment: Does One Size Fit All?},
  journal = {Social Science Research Network},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {},
  abstract = {Understanding the biological roots of intimate behavior is a complex undertaking that involves the integration of evolutionary biology, evolutionary psychology, neuroscience, anthropology and sociology. Evolutionary biology describes theories that explain the persistence of certain types of behavior in terms of presumed evolutionary pressures or advantages, focusing on the human mind. Evolutionary biologists assume that behavior that maximizes the presence of associated genes in the next generation is the behavior most likely to persist. In this paper, we take the growing insights that arise from the study of the biology of attachment to frame the emerging policy choices underlying the governance of adult relationships. We have chosen to focus on the idea of commitment because we see two developments operating in tandem: the biological understanding of attachment has been expanding exponentially at a time of reexamination of the importance of long-term family stability. We believe that putting the two together--integrating biological understandings with sociology - will lead to the conclusions that the tendency to form pair-bonds is a deeply ingrained part of the species, lifelong fidelity cannot be expected on a widespread basis absent substantial coercion, and long term partnership is a "compromise that children win." These conclusions, however, will always leave some questions unanswered so that they can do no more than frame the unfolding policy debates. The question of what policy choices work - and at what price - can never be answered by biology alone. A better understanding of the new scientific insights underscores the conclusion that the determination of what is "natural" produces complex and varied answers, and the most natural of human tendencies is the desire to reorder human society. Accordingly, in light of the developing understandings of human pair-bonds from both the biological and sociological perspectives, we suggest various strategies that support long-term commitment between adults.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Naomi R. Cahn
AU  - J. Carbone
T1  - The Biological Basis of Commitment: Does One Size Fit All?
JO  - Social Science Research Network
PY  - 2004
AB  - Understanding the biological roots of intimate behavior is a complex undertaking that involves the integration of evolutionary biology, evolutionary psychology, neuroscience, anthropology and sociology. Evolutionary biology describes theories that explain the persistence of certain types of behavior in terms of presumed evolutionary pressures or advantages, focusing on the human mind. Evolutionary biologists assume that behavior that maximizes the presence of associated genes in the next generation is the behavior most likely to persist. In this paper, we take the growing insights that arise from the study of the biology of attachment to frame the emerging policy choices underlying the governance of adult relationships. We have chosen to focus on the idea of commitment because we see two developments operating in tandem: the biological understanding of attachment has been expanding exponentially at a time of reexamination of the importance of long-term family stability. We believe that putting the two together--integrating biological understandings with sociology - will lead to the conclusions that the tendency to form pair-bonds is a deeply ingrained part of the species, lifelong fidelity cannot be expected on a widespread basis absent substantial coercion, and long term partnership is a "compromise that children win." These conclusions, however, will always leave some questions unanswered so that they can do no more than frame the unfolding policy debates. The question of what policy choices work - and at what price - can never be answered by biology alone. A better understanding of the new scientific insights underscores the conclusion that the determination of what is "natural" produces complex and varied answers, and the most natural of human tendencies is the desire to reorder human society. Accordingly, in light of the developing understandings of human pair-bonds from both the biological and sociological perspectives, we suggest various strategies that support long-term commitment between adults.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{10115c4ed5bcc8e34832c423394a1b5a099185f1,
  author = {Edgar Dubourg and N. Baumard},
  title = {Why and How Did Narrative Fictions Evolve? Fictions as Entertainment Technologies},
  journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {13},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2022.786770},
  abstract = {Narrative fictions have surely become the single most widespread source of entertainment in the world. In their free time, humans read novels and comics, watch movies and TV series, and play video games: they consume stories that they know to be false. Such behaviors are expanding at lightning speed in modern societies. Yet, the question of the origin of fictions has been an evolutionary puzzle for decades: Are fictions biological adaptations, or the by-products of cognitive mechanisms that evolved for another purpose? The absence of any consensus in cognitive science has made it difficult to explain how narrative fictions evolve culturally. We argue that current conflicting hypotheses are partly wrong, and partly right: narrative fictions are by-products of the human mind, because they obviously co-opt some pre-existing cognitive preferences and mechanisms, such as our interest for social information, and our abilities to do mindreading and to imagine counterfactuals. But humans reap some fitness benefits from producing and consuming such appealing cultural items, making fictions adaptive. To reconcile these two views, we put forward the hypothesis that narrative fictions are best seen as entertainment technologies that is, as items crafted by some people for the proximate goal to grab the attention of other people, and with the ultimate goal to fulfill other evolutionary-relevant functions that become easier once other people’s attention is caught. This hypothesis explains why fictions are filled with exaggerated and entertaining stimuli, why they fit so well the changing preferences of the audience they target, and why producers constantly make their fictions more attractive as time goes by, in a cumulative manner.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Edgar Dubourg
AU  - N. Baumard
T1  - Why and How Did Narrative Fictions Evolve? Fictions as Entertainment Technologies
JO  - Frontiers in Psychology
PY  - 2022
VL  - 13
DO  - 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.786770
AB  - Narrative fictions have surely become the single most widespread source of entertainment in the world. In their free time, humans read novels and comics, watch movies and TV series, and play video games: they consume stories that they know to be false. Such behaviors are expanding at lightning speed in modern societies. Yet, the question of the origin of fictions has been an evolutionary puzzle for decades: Are fictions biological adaptations, or the by-products of cognitive mechanisms that evolved for another purpose? The absence of any consensus in cognitive science has made it difficult to explain how narrative fictions evolve culturally. We argue that current conflicting hypotheses are partly wrong, and partly right: narrative fictions are by-products of the human mind, because they obviously co-opt some pre-existing cognitive preferences and mechanisms, such as our interest for social information, and our abilities to do mindreading and to imagine counterfactuals. But humans reap some fitness benefits from producing and consuming such appealing cultural items, making fictions adaptive. To reconcile these two views, we put forward the hypothesis that narrative fictions are best seen as entertainment technologies that is, as items crafted by some people for the proximate goal to grab the attention of other people, and with the ultimate goal to fulfill other evolutionary-relevant functions that become easier once other people’s attention is caught. This hypothesis explains why fictions are filled with exaggerated and entertaining stimuli, why they fit so well the changing preferences of the audience they target, and why producers constantly make their fictions more attractive as time goes by, in a cumulative manner.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{ae34eee158e2526c44186562341665ab2336ac3c,
  author = {Katrina Iris Osorio Bansigan},
  title = {Love, the Reason We Live: Romantic Love on the Human Body and Mind},
  journal = {},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {},
  doi = {10.26153/TSW/8236}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Katrina Iris Osorio Bansigan
T1  - Love, the Reason We Live: Romantic Love on the Human Body and Mind
PY  - 2020
DO  - 10.26153/TSW/8236
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{3cc76ac3825b1ab1f83b00c6979b4e5d8a934aae,
  author = {A. Aktipis and Lee Cronk and Joe Alcock and J. Ayers and Cristina Baciu and D. Balliet and Amy M. Boddy and O. Curry and J. Krems and Andrés Muñoz and Daniel Sullivan and Daniel Sznycer and G. Wilkinson and P. Winfrey},
  title = {Understanding cooperation through fitness interdependence},
  journal = {Nature Human Behaviour},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {429 - 431},
  doi = {10.1038/s41562-018-0378-4}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - A. Aktipis
AU  - Lee Cronk
AU  - Joe Alcock
AU  - J. Ayers
AU  - Cristina Baciu
AU  - D. Balliet
AU  - Amy M. Boddy
AU  - O. Curry
AU  - J. Krems
AU  - Andrés Muñoz
AU  - Daniel Sullivan
AU  - Daniel Sznycer
AU  - G. Wilkinson
AU  - P. Winfrey
T1  - Understanding cooperation through fitness interdependence
JO  - Nature Human Behaviour
PY  - 2018
VL  - 2
SP  - 429 - 431
EP  - 429 - 431
DO  - 10.1038/s41562-018-0378-4
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{8ce4dbd48318c083305b78d41cf32cfe2097a5c2,
  author = {S. Neely},
  title = {Wolves and Monogamy},
  journal = {Current Anthropology},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {52},
  pages = {435 - 435},
  doi = {10.1086/659843},
  abstract = {In her recent article, Pat Shipman asserts that it is human involvement with and control over animals that has driven key factors in human evolution, such as tool making and language (Shipman 2010). There may be an additional factor. Male and female monogamy has been and is the dominant form of marriage among human beings. Among most individuals and cultures, it is the most common form of marriage, and even in societies allowing other forms of marriage, monogamy is the most common form. By contrast to this ideal, real human behavior is fairly promiscuous, as is the behavior of the close relatives of human beings, chimpanzees and bonobos. The origin of marriage has been a topic of interest to the earliest anthropologists as well as to contemporary anthropologists, at least as “pair-bonding.” C. Owen Lovejoy (White et al. 2009), for example, suggests that male provisioning of a particular female through pairbonding may have led to bipedalism among Ardipithecus species and their descendents. Pair-bonding, despite all its advantages, does not seem to have led to a “monogamy gene” as such. With the ability of humans to attach symbolic meanings, however, pair-bonding can be elevated to monogamy. Human beings’ abilities to attach intense symbolic meanings to things and behavior, however, are often inspired and sustained by strongly meaningful circumstances that affect survival. Such may be the case with monogamy. Dogs were domesticated tens of thousands of years before any plant or other animal was domesticated. In the hunt, as human companions, dogs compensated for humans’ lack of speed, sense of smell, sense of hearing, and tearing teeth and claws. The transition of some wolves into dogs must have had a profound effect on human survival. At the center of wolf pack social organization is the pair-bond of a dominant male and female who are the only breeding individuals in the pack. It would have been easy for humans to attribute part of dogs’ mystique to their “monogamy” and to seek that power by imitating the pair-bond of wolves.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - S. Neely
T1  - Wolves and Monogamy
JO  - Current Anthropology
PY  - 2011
VL  - 52
SP  - 435 - 435
EP  - 435 - 435
DO  - 10.1086/659843
AB  - In her recent article, Pat Shipman asserts that it is human involvement with and control over animals that has driven key factors in human evolution, such as tool making and language (Shipman 2010). There may be an additional factor. Male and female monogamy has been and is the dominant form of marriage among human beings. Among most individuals and cultures, it is the most common form of marriage, and even in societies allowing other forms of marriage, monogamy is the most common form. By contrast to this ideal, real human behavior is fairly promiscuous, as is the behavior of the close relatives of human beings, chimpanzees and bonobos. The origin of marriage has been a topic of interest to the earliest anthropologists as well as to contemporary anthropologists, at least as “pair-bonding.” C. Owen Lovejoy (White et al. 2009), for example, suggests that male provisioning of a particular female through pairbonding may have led to bipedalism among Ardipithecus species and their descendents. Pair-bonding, despite all its advantages, does not seem to have led to a “monogamy gene” as such. With the ability of humans to attach symbolic meanings, however, pair-bonding can be elevated to monogamy. Human beings’ abilities to attach intense symbolic meanings to things and behavior, however, are often inspired and sustained by strongly meaningful circumstances that affect survival. Such may be the case with monogamy. Dogs were domesticated tens of thousands of years before any plant or other animal was domesticated. In the hunt, as human companions, dogs compensated for humans’ lack of speed, sense of smell, sense of hearing, and tearing teeth and claws. The transition of some wolves into dogs must have had a profound effect on human survival. At the center of wolf pack social organization is the pair-bond of a dominant male and female who are the only breeding individuals in the pack. It would have been easy for humans to attribute part of dogs’ mystique to their “monogamy” and to seek that power by imitating the pair-bond of wolves.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{702b27e7729b21a764d5373b794a81ce05d50187,
  author = {W. Graziano and Todd M Finch and I. Simpson and D. Kenrick},
  title = {Evolutionary Theory and Education},
  abstract = {decision rules for altruism: Weighing cues for inclusive fitness as a function of the biological importance of the decision. Kinship: The conceptual hole in psychological studies of social cognition and close relationships. Interpersonal attraction from an evolutionary perspective: Reactions to dominant and prosocial men. and the mating game: Contrast effects in self-assessment reflect gender differences in mate selection. Adolescents' age preferences for dating partners: Support for an evolutionary model of life-history strategies. Child De-elopment 67: 1499–511 Kenrick D T, Keefe R C 1992 Age preferences in mates reflect sex differences in human reproductive strategies.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - W. Graziano
AU  - Todd M Finch
AU  - I. Simpson
AU  - D. Kenrick
T1  - Evolutionary Theory and Education
AB  - decision rules for altruism: Weighing cues for inclusive fitness as a function of the biological importance of the decision. Kinship: The conceptual hole in psychological studies of social cognition and close relationships. Interpersonal attraction from an evolutionary perspective: Reactions to dominant and prosocial men. and the mating game: Contrast effects in self-assessment reflect gender differences in mate selection. Adolescents' age preferences for dating partners: Support for an evolutionary model of life-history strategies. Child De-elopment 67: 1499–511 Kenrick D T, Keefe R C 1992 Age preferences in mates reflect sex differences in human reproductive strategies.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{2f8f701b41fd08809dcffc717c67343e5935c13d,
  author = {Emily J. Miner and T. Shackelford},
  title = {Mate attraction, retention and expulsion.},
  journal = {Psicothema},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {22 1},
  pages = {
          9-14
        },
  abstract = {Sexual selection theory and parental investment theory have guided much of the evolutionary psychological research on human mating. Based on these theories, researchers have predicted and found sex differences in mating preferences and behaviors. Men generally prefer that their long-term partners are youthful and physically attractive. Women generally prefer that their long-term partners have existing resources or clear potential for securing resources and display a willingness to invest those resources in children the relationship might produce. Both men and women, however, desire long-term partners who are kind and intelligent. Once a partner is obtained, men and women act in sex-specific ways to ensure the continuation and exclusivity of the relationship. Men, in particular, engage in behaviors designed to prevent, correct, and anticipate their partner's sexual infidelity. Relationships dissolve for evolutionarily-relevant reasons: infidelity, childlessness, and infertility. The discussion addresses directions for future research.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Emily J. Miner
AU  - T. Shackelford
T1  - Mate attraction, retention and expulsion.
JO  - Psicothema
PY  - 2010
VL  - 22 1
SP  - 
          9-14
        
EP  - 
          9-14
        
AB  - Sexual selection theory and parental investment theory have guided much of the evolutionary psychological research on human mating. Based on these theories, researchers have predicted and found sex differences in mating preferences and behaviors. Men generally prefer that their long-term partners are youthful and physically attractive. Women generally prefer that their long-term partners have existing resources or clear potential for securing resources and display a willingness to invest those resources in children the relationship might produce. Both men and women, however, desire long-term partners who are kind and intelligent. Once a partner is obtained, men and women act in sex-specific ways to ensure the continuation and exclusivity of the relationship. Men, in particular, engage in behaviors designed to prevent, correct, and anticipate their partner's sexual infidelity. Relationships dissolve for evolutionarily-relevant reasons: infidelity, childlessness, and infertility. The discussion addresses directions for future research.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{cc6708a744c31f7d9e90ac578ef36ecae1f780ab,
  author = {M. Numan and L. Young},
  title = {Neural mechanisms of mother–infant bonding and pair bonding: Similarities, differences, and broader implications},
  journal = {Hormones and Behavior},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {77},
  pages = {98-112},
  doi = {10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.05.015}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - M. Numan
AU  - L. Young
T1  - Neural mechanisms of mother–infant bonding and pair bonding: Similarities, differences, and broader implications
JO  - Hormones and Behavior
PY  - 2016
VL  - 77
SP  - 98-112
EP  - 98-112
DO  - 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.05.015
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{1cfaddbebad380b2e712b5811253a17ad8149724,
  author = {M. Mikulincer},
  title = {A Behavioral Systems Perspective},
  year = {2006},
  abstract = {What is love? Countless answers have been offered by philosophers, theologians, creative writers, and—in recent times—psychiatrists and psychologists. In the late 1980s, Shaver and his coauthors (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Shaver & Hazan, 1988; Shaver, Hazan, & Bradshaw, 1988) suggested extending Bowlby’s (1969/1982, 1973, 1979, 1980) attachment theory, which was designed to characterize human infants’ love for and attachment to their caregivers, to create a framework for studying romantic love and adult couple relationships. The core assumption was that romantic relationships—or pair bonds, as evolutionary psychologists call them— involve a combination of three innate behavioral systems described by Bowlby (1969/1982): attachment, caregiving, and sex. Each of these behavioral systems has its own evolutionary functions, and although the systems affect each other in various ways, they are conceptualized as distinct. Viewed from this theoretical perspective, love is a dynamic state involving both partners’ needs and capacities for attachment, caregiving, and sex. The profound joy and affection, self-protective anxiety, numbing boredom, corrosive anger, lustful passion, uncontrollable jealousy, and intense sorrow}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - M. Mikulincer
T1  - A Behavioral Systems Perspective
PY  - 2006
AB  - What is love? Countless answers have been offered by philosophers, theologians, creative writers, and—in recent times—psychiatrists and psychologists. In the late 1980s, Shaver and his coauthors (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Shaver & Hazan, 1988; Shaver, Hazan, & Bradshaw, 1988) suggested extending Bowlby’s (1969/1982, 1973, 1979, 1980) attachment theory, which was designed to characterize human infants’ love for and attachment to their caregivers, to create a framework for studying romantic love and adult couple relationships. The core assumption was that romantic relationships—or pair bonds, as evolutionary psychologists call them— involve a combination of three innate behavioral systems described by Bowlby (1969/1982): attachment, caregiving, and sex. Each of these behavioral systems has its own evolutionary functions, and although the systems affect each other in various ways, they are conceptualized as distinct. Viewed from this theoretical perspective, love is a dynamic state involving both partners’ needs and capacities for attachment, caregiving, and sex. The profound joy and affection, self-protective anxiety, numbing boredom, corrosive anger, lustful passion, uncontrollable jealousy, and intense sorrow
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{0cec61cc4104944f21b987c2a7465ac6f75cdaf6,
  author = {M. D. Giudice and J. Belsky},
  title = {Sex Differences in Attachment Emerge in Middle Childhood: An Evolutionary Hypothesis},
  journal = {Child Development Perspectives},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {97-105},
  doi = {10.1111/J.1750-8606.2010.00125.X},
  abstract = {Abstract—J. Bowlby’s (1969/1982) theory of attachment, focused as it was on the survival function of attachment behaviors that the ethology of the time emphasized, led to the expectation that there would be no sex differences in patterns of attachment. Modern evolutionary thinking, however, building on insights of life history theory, parental investment theory, and sexual selection, yields an alternative prediction—that adaptive sex differences in attachment should emerge in middle childhood and be present in adults, consistent with sexual differentiation of reproductive strategies. This article reviews the theoretical basis of this expectation, including the recent proposal that a hormonally driven reorganization of attachment occurs at the beginning of middle childhood. Available data and various methodological issues involved in empirically testing the proposed model are discussed. It argues that life history theory offers a powerful organizing principle for understanding the emergence of individual differences, providing developmental researchers with exciting opportunities for empirical discovery and theoretical synthesis.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - M. D. Giudice
AU  - J. Belsky
T1  - Sex Differences in Attachment Emerge in Middle Childhood: An Evolutionary Hypothesis
JO  - Child Development Perspectives
PY  - 2010
VL  - 4
SP  - 97-105
EP  - 97-105
DO  - 10.1111/J.1750-8606.2010.00125.X
AB  - Abstract—J. Bowlby’s (1969/1982) theory of attachment, focused as it was on the survival function of attachment behaviors that the ethology of the time emphasized, led to the expectation that there would be no sex differences in patterns of attachment. Modern evolutionary thinking, however, building on insights of life history theory, parental investment theory, and sexual selection, yields an alternative prediction—that adaptive sex differences in attachment should emerge in middle childhood and be present in adults, consistent with sexual differentiation of reproductive strategies. This article reviews the theoretical basis of this expectation, including the recent proposal that a hormonally driven reorganization of attachment occurs at the beginning of middle childhood. Available data and various methodological issues involved in empirically testing the proposed model are discussed. It argues that life history theory offers a powerful organizing principle for understanding the emergence of individual differences, providing developmental researchers with exciting opportunities for empirical discovery and theoretical synthesis.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{7a0fd297f0c2499966eb0d3e95bdbf0b4e9f85f9,
  author = {D. Buss},
  title = {Love acts: The evolutionary biology of love.},
  journal = {},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - D. Buss
T1  - Love acts: The evolutionary biology of love.
PY  - 1988
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{42694edf8a11a297ab329276139b0cd8d1dea227,
  author = {Norman P. Li and L. Tan and Bryan K C Choy},
  title = {Evolution, Biology, and Attraction},
  journal = {Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology},
  year = {2021},
  doi = {10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.302},
  abstract = {Mating and reproduction are central to natural selection, and decisions associated with one’s choice of mate can have significant fitness consequences. From an evolutionary perspective, attraction functions to direct one’s attention and energy toward pursuing, mating with, and retaining individuals who display traits that contribute to greater survival and reproductive success. Humans are theorized to possess a suite of psychological mechanisms that facilitate the identification of such individuals. One trait that humans have potentially evolved to be attracted to is genetic dissimilarity or diversity in the major histocompatibility complex, which is argued to promote greater immunocompetence and pathogen resistance and, hence, health in one’s mate and putative offspring. Another trait is bilateral symmetry, which is theorized to function as a cue to a potential mate’s genetic quality and ability to withstand developmental stressors. Yet another trait is sexual dimorphism. Women are theorized to be attracted to masculinity in men, which is theorized to function as a reliable signal of underlying genetic quality. In contrast, men are theorized to be attracted to femininity in women, which is argued to signal their reproductive viability. Importantly, evolutionary perspectives propose that many attraction mechanisms evolved to adaptively adjust to local conditions. Thus, when faced with high pathogen prevalence, people have heightened preferences for symmetry, which indicates having good genes and thus, greater ability to withstand disease. As another example, when potential mates of the other sex are in relative abundance, people tend to be more selective in their mate choice and exaggerate their preferences for other-sex mates with sex-typical traits. Additionally, near peak fertility, women may have evolved to increase their preferences for masculinity in men, which signals underlying genetic quality. In addition to having psychological mechanisms that facilitate the identification of potential mates, humans may have also evolved psychological mechanisms that adaptively increase the motivation to allocate attention and energy toward pursuing viable mates that have been identified. Both sets of psychological mechanisms are necessary to successful mate selection, and likely operate in tandem. In this regard, dopamine may be centrally involved in driving behaviors associated with attraction and mate pursuit. Finally, recent studies have shown that the evidence for some of the hypothesized attraction preferences is not conclusive; future scholarship will profit from more careful research design and robust methodology.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Norman P. Li
AU  - L. Tan
AU  - Bryan K C Choy
T1  - Evolution, Biology, and Attraction
JO  - Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology
PY  - 2021
DO  - 10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.302
AB  - Mating and reproduction are central to natural selection, and decisions associated with one’s choice of mate can have significant fitness consequences. From an evolutionary perspective, attraction functions to direct one’s attention and energy toward pursuing, mating with, and retaining individuals who display traits that contribute to greater survival and reproductive success. Humans are theorized to possess a suite of psychological mechanisms that facilitate the identification of such individuals. One trait that humans have potentially evolved to be attracted to is genetic dissimilarity or diversity in the major histocompatibility complex, which is argued to promote greater immunocompetence and pathogen resistance and, hence, health in one’s mate and putative offspring. Another trait is bilateral symmetry, which is theorized to function as a cue to a potential mate’s genetic quality and ability to withstand developmental stressors. Yet another trait is sexual dimorphism. Women are theorized to be attracted to masculinity in men, which is theorized to function as a reliable signal of underlying genetic quality. In contrast, men are theorized to be attracted to femininity in women, which is argued to signal their reproductive viability. Importantly, evolutionary perspectives propose that many attraction mechanisms evolved to adaptively adjust to local conditions. Thus, when faced with high pathogen prevalence, people have heightened preferences for symmetry, which indicates having good genes and thus, greater ability to withstand disease. As another example, when potential mates of the other sex are in relative abundance, people tend to be more selective in their mate choice and exaggerate their preferences for other-sex mates with sex-typical traits. Additionally, near peak fertility, women may have evolved to increase their preferences for masculinity in men, which signals underlying genetic quality. In addition to having psychological mechanisms that facilitate the identification of potential mates, humans may have also evolved psychological mechanisms that adaptively increase the motivation to allocate attention and energy toward pursuing viable mates that have been identified. Both sets of psychological mechanisms are necessary to successful mate selection, and likely operate in tandem. In this regard, dopamine may be centrally involved in driving behaviors associated with attraction and mate pursuit. Finally, recent studies have shown that the evidence for some of the hypothesized attraction preferences is not conclusive; future scholarship will profit from more careful research design and robust methodology.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{620386bfee8d6bd84b786947f9f42d727533c3ad,
  author = {S. Luoto},
  title = {Did Prosociality Drive the Evolution of Homosexuality?},
  journal = {Archives of Sexual Behavior},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {49},
  pages = {2239 - 2244},
  doi = {10.1007/s10508-020-01749-0}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - S. Luoto
T1  - Did Prosociality Drive the Evolution of Homosexuality?
JO  - Archives of Sexual Behavior
PY  - 2020
VL  - 49
SP  - 2239 - 2244
EP  - 2239 - 2244
DO  - 10.1007/s10508-020-01749-0
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{eb01e296096c25b3465375d26b08f0cd9ffe851e,
  author = {Balaji B. N. and Sunil Kumaraswamy},
  title = {Male parental care in insects},
  journal = {Insect Environment},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.55278/tnef7155},
  abstract = {Parental care is traditionally defined as costly behaviour by parents that increase the fitness of offspring. It may be uniparental, biparental or alloparental. In uniparental care, paternity assurance is usually repeated for copulation just before oviposition. Biparental care is favoured when sexual selection is not intense and when the adult sex ratio of males to females is not strongly skewed. Alloparental care is a seemingly altruistic and reproductively costly behaviour observed in over 120 mammalians and 150 avian species. Male parental care evolved exclusively from no care. Supporting models like the “enhanced fecundity model” and “overlapping brood model” hypothesize that male care is favoured because females do avoid care of their offspring. Biparental care largely arose by males joining caring females and was more labile in Holometabola than in Hemimetabola. Paternal care can be maintained under sexual selection which helps caring males to attract more mates.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Balaji B. N.
AU  - Sunil Kumaraswamy
T1  - Male parental care in insects
JO  - Insect Environment
PY  - 2023
DO  - 10.55278/tnef7155
AB  - Parental care is traditionally defined as costly behaviour by parents that increase the fitness of offspring. It may be uniparental, biparental or alloparental. In uniparental care, paternity assurance is usually repeated for copulation just before oviposition. Biparental care is favoured when sexual selection is not intense and when the adult sex ratio of males to females is not strongly skewed. Alloparental care is a seemingly altruistic and reproductively costly behaviour observed in over 120 mammalians and 150 avian species. Male parental care evolved exclusively from no care. Supporting models like the “enhanced fecundity model” and “overlapping brood model” hypothesize that male care is favoured because females do avoid care of their offspring. Biparental care largely arose by males joining caring females and was more labile in Holometabola than in Hemimetabola. Paternal care can be maintained under sexual selection which helps caring males to attract more mates.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{0ccbacc4ed2109cf06dc3f2dcb8d486376ece01a,
  author = {Z. Barta and T. Székely and A. Liker and Freya Harrison},
  title = {Social Role Specialization Promotes Cooperation between Parents},
  journal = {The American Naturalist},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {183},
  pages = {747 - 761},
  doi = {10.1086/676014},
  abstract = {Biparental care of offspring is a widespread social behavior, and various ecological, life-history, and demographic factors have been proposed to explain its evolution and maintenance. Raising offspring generally requires several types of care (e.g., feeding, brooding, and defense), and males and females often specialize in providing different types of care. However, theoretical models of care often assume that care is a single variable and hence that a unit of care by the mother is interchangeable with a unit of care by the father. We hypothesize that the ability of one parent to provide all types of care may be limited by nonadditive costs or by sex-based asymmetries in the costs of particular care types. Using an individual-based simulation, we show that synergistic costs of investing in two tasks or negligible sex-based cost asymmetries select for task specialization and biparental care. Biparental care persists despite intense sexual selection and sex-biased mortality, suggesting that previous models make overly restrictive predictions of the conditions under which cooperation can be maintained. Our model provides a mechanistic underpinning for published models that show that the synergistic benefits of individuals cooperating can stabilize cooperation, both in the context of parental care and in other social scenarios.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Z. Barta
AU  - T. Székely
AU  - A. Liker
AU  - Freya Harrison
T1  - Social Role Specialization Promotes Cooperation between Parents
JO  - The American Naturalist
PY  - 2014
VL  - 183
SP  - 747 - 761
EP  - 747 - 761
DO  - 10.1086/676014
AB  - Biparental care of offspring is a widespread social behavior, and various ecological, life-history, and demographic factors have been proposed to explain its evolution and maintenance. Raising offspring generally requires several types of care (e.g., feeding, brooding, and defense), and males and females often specialize in providing different types of care. However, theoretical models of care often assume that care is a single variable and hence that a unit of care by the mother is interchangeable with a unit of care by the father. We hypothesize that the ability of one parent to provide all types of care may be limited by nonadditive costs or by sex-based asymmetries in the costs of particular care types. Using an individual-based simulation, we show that synergistic costs of investing in two tasks or negligible sex-based cost asymmetries select for task specialization and biparental care. Biparental care persists despite intense sexual selection and sex-biased mortality, suggesting that previous models make overly restrictive predictions of the conditions under which cooperation can be maintained. Our model provides a mechanistic underpinning for published models that show that the synergistic benefits of individuals cooperating can stabilize cooperation, both in the context of parental care and in other social scenarios.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{2bd78c51110975ca01600477d9bf2d7032bf5530,
  author = {A. Rokach},
  title = {Love Culturally: How Does Culture Affect Intimacy, Commitment & Love},
  journal = {The Journal of Psychology},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {158},
  pages = {84 - 114},
  doi = {10.1080/00223980.2023.2244129},
  abstract = {Abstract This paper, relying on a thematic review of the literature, aimed to explore the influence of culture on human relations, particularly on love. We highlighted the innate need of humans to belong and be part of a community and, moreover, partake in an intimate relationship. Most humans yearn for intimacy, and thus it was defined and described. In our Western culture, intimacy is often found in marriage, usually built on love. Love, if not nurtured, may fade, and so we described what happens when it does. Romantic relationships, where love is usually expressed and actualized, were examined, including how it is shown, how time affects love, and what causes love relationships to be marred by loneliness. The main part of the paper is devoted to examining the effect of culture on love, its expression, and on romantic relationships. While love may be universal, its development, expression, and importance in intimate relationships differ depending on the culture and era in which it occurs.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - A. Rokach
T1  - Love Culturally: How Does Culture Affect Intimacy, Commitment & Love
JO  - The Journal of Psychology
PY  - 2023
VL  - 158
SP  - 84 - 114
EP  - 84 - 114
DO  - 10.1080/00223980.2023.2244129
AB  - Abstract This paper, relying on a thematic review of the literature, aimed to explore the influence of culture on human relations, particularly on love. We highlighted the innate need of humans to belong and be part of a community and, moreover, partake in an intimate relationship. Most humans yearn for intimacy, and thus it was defined and described. In our Western culture, intimacy is often found in marriage, usually built on love. Love, if not nurtured, may fade, and so we described what happens when it does. Romantic relationships, where love is usually expressed and actualized, were examined, including how it is shown, how time affects love, and what causes love relationships to be marred by loneliness. The main part of the paper is devoted to examining the effect of culture on love, its expression, and on romantic relationships. While love may be universal, its development, expression, and importance in intimate relationships differ depending on the culture and era in which it occurs.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{3e9788f423249f79413059f8340944c37da4a103,
  author = {C. Pedersen},
  title = {Biological Aspects of Social Bonding and the Roots of Human Violence},
  journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {1036},
  doi = {10.1196/annals.1330.006},
  abstract = {Abstract: The brain systems that motivate humans to form emotional bonds with others probably first evolved to mobilize the high‐quality maternal care necessary for reproductive success in placental mammals. In these species, the helplessness of infants at birth and their dependence upon nutrition secreted from their mothers' bodies (milk) and parental body heat to stay warm required the evolution of a new motivational system in the brain to stimulate avid and sustained mothering behavior. Other types of social bonds that emerged subsequently in placental mammals, in particular monogamous bonds between breeding pairs, appear to have evolved from motivational brain systems that stimulate maternal behavior. This chapter focuses on aspects of the evolution and neurobiology of maternal and pair bonding and associated behavioral changes that may provide insights into the origins of human violence. The roles of the neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin as well as the neurotransmitter dopamine will be emphasized. Maternal and pair bonding are accompanied by increased aggressiveness toward perceived threats to the object of attachment as well as diminished fear and anxiety in stressful situations. The sustained closeness with mother required for the survival of infant mammals opened a new evolutionary niche in which aspects of the mother's care became increasingly important in regulating development in offspring. The quantity and quality of maternal care received during infancy determines adult social competence, ability to cope with stress, aggressiveness, and even preference for addictive substances. Indeed, the development of neurochemical systems within the brain that regulate mothering, aggression, and other types of social behavior, such as the oxytocin and vasopressin systems, are strongly affected by parental nurturing received during infancy. Evidence will be reviewed that the neural circuitry and neurochemistry implicated in studies of lower mammals also facilitate primate/human interpersonal bonding. It is hypothesized that neural bonding systems may also be important for the development in individuals of loyalty to the social group and its culture. Neglect and abuse during early life may cause bonding systems to develop abnormally and compromise capacity for rewarding interpersonal relationships and commitment to societal and cultural values later in life. Other means of stimulating reward pathways in the brain, such as drugs, sex, aggression, and intimidating others, could become relatively more attractive and less constrained by concern about violating trusting relationships. The ability to modify behavior based on negative experiences may be impaired. Unmet needs for social bonding and acceptance early in life might increase the emotional allure of groups (gangs, sects) with violent and authoritarian values and leadership. Social neurobiology has the potential to provide new strategies for treating and preventing violence and associated social dysfunction.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - C. Pedersen
T1  - Biological Aspects of Social Bonding and the Roots of Human Violence
JO  - Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
PY  - 2004
VL  - 1036
DO  - 10.1196/annals.1330.006
AB  - Abstract: The brain systems that motivate humans to form emotional bonds with others probably first evolved to mobilize the high‐quality maternal care necessary for reproductive success in placental mammals. In these species, the helplessness of infants at birth and their dependence upon nutrition secreted from their mothers' bodies (milk) and parental body heat to stay warm required the evolution of a new motivational system in the brain to stimulate avid and sustained mothering behavior. Other types of social bonds that emerged subsequently in placental mammals, in particular monogamous bonds between breeding pairs, appear to have evolved from motivational brain systems that stimulate maternal behavior. This chapter focuses on aspects of the evolution and neurobiology of maternal and pair bonding and associated behavioral changes that may provide insights into the origins of human violence. The roles of the neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin as well as the neurotransmitter dopamine will be emphasized. Maternal and pair bonding are accompanied by increased aggressiveness toward perceived threats to the object of attachment as well as diminished fear and anxiety in stressful situations. The sustained closeness with mother required for the survival of infant mammals opened a new evolutionary niche in which aspects of the mother's care became increasingly important in regulating development in offspring. The quantity and quality of maternal care received during infancy determines adult social competence, ability to cope with stress, aggressiveness, and even preference for addictive substances. Indeed, the development of neurochemical systems within the brain that regulate mothering, aggression, and other types of social behavior, such as the oxytocin and vasopressin systems, are strongly affected by parental nurturing received during infancy. Evidence will be reviewed that the neural circuitry and neurochemistry implicated in studies of lower mammals also facilitate primate/human interpersonal bonding. It is hypothesized that neural bonding systems may also be important for the development in individuals of loyalty to the social group and its culture. Neglect and abuse during early life may cause bonding systems to develop abnormally and compromise capacity for rewarding interpersonal relationships and commitment to societal and cultural values later in life. Other means of stimulating reward pathways in the brain, such as drugs, sex, aggression, and intimidating others, could become relatively more attractive and less constrained by concern about violating trusting relationships. The ability to modify behavior based on negative experiences may be impaired. Unmet needs for social bonding and acceptance early in life might increase the emotional allure of groups (gangs, sects) with violent and authoritarian values and leadership. Social neurobiology has the potential to provide new strategies for treating and preventing violence and associated social dysfunction.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{ee6d003e8ee585dc25722bfc8f2d7e5caf2af9c4,
  author = {K. Bales and R. Arias del Razo and Quinn A. Conklin and Sarah Hartman and Heather S. Mayer and F. Rogers and Trenton C. Simmons and Leigh K. Smith and Alexia V. Williams and Donald R. Williams and Lynea R Witczak and Emily C. Wright},
  title = {Titi Monkeys as a Novel Non-Human Primate Model for the Neurobiology of Pair Bonding
},
  journal = {The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {90},
  pages = {373 - 387},
  abstract = {It is now widely recognized that social bonds are critical to human health and well-being. One of the most important social bonds is the attachment relationship between two adults, known as the pair bond. The pair bond involves many characteristics that are inextricably linked to quality of health, including providing a secure psychological base and acting as a social buffer against stress. The majority of our knowledge about the neurobiology of pair bonding comes from studies of a socially monogamous rodent, the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster), and from human imaging studies, which inherently lack control. Here, we first review what is known of the neurobiology of pair bonding from humans and prairie voles. We then present a summary of the studies we have conducted in titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus)—a species of socially monogamous New World primates. Finally, we construct a neural model based on the location of neuropeptide receptors in the titi monkey brain, as well as the location of neural changes in our imaging studies, with some basic assumptions based on the prairie vole model. In this model, we emphasize the role of visual mating stimuli as well as contributions of the dopaminergic reward system and a strong role for the lateral septum. This model represents an important step in understanding the neurobiology of social bonds in non-human primates, which will in turn facilitate a better understanding of these mechanisms in humans.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - K. Bales
AU  - R. Arias del Razo
AU  - Quinn A. Conklin
AU  - Sarah Hartman
AU  - Heather S. Mayer
AU  - F. Rogers
AU  - Trenton C. Simmons
AU  - Leigh K. Smith
AU  - Alexia V. Williams
AU  - Donald R. Williams
AU  - Lynea R Witczak
AU  - Emily C. Wright
T1  - Titi Monkeys as a Novel Non-Human Primate Model for the Neurobiology of Pair Bonding

JO  - The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
PY  - 2017
VL  - 90
SP  - 373 - 387
EP  - 373 - 387
AB  - It is now widely recognized that social bonds are critical to human health and well-being. One of the most important social bonds is the attachment relationship between two adults, known as the pair bond. The pair bond involves many characteristics that are inextricably linked to quality of health, including providing a secure psychological base and acting as a social buffer against stress. The majority of our knowledge about the neurobiology of pair bonding comes from studies of a socially monogamous rodent, the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster), and from human imaging studies, which inherently lack control. Here, we first review what is known of the neurobiology of pair bonding from humans and prairie voles. We then present a summary of the studies we have conducted in titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus)—a species of socially monogamous New World primates. Finally, we construct a neural model based on the location of neuropeptide receptors in the titi monkey brain, as well as the location of neural changes in our imaging studies, with some basic assumptions based on the prairie vole model. In this model, we emphasize the role of visual mating stimuli as well as contributions of the dopaminergic reward system and a strong role for the lateral septum. This model represents an important step in understanding the neurobiology of social bonds in non-human primates, which will in turn facilitate a better understanding of these mechanisms in humans.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{109b0f0f625c1e033e5a70368551cf6253f0850d,
  author = {M. Acker and Mark H. Davis},
  title = {Intimacy, Passion and Commitment in Adult Romantic Relationships: A Test of the Triangular Theory of Love},
  journal = {Journal of Social and Personal Relationships},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {21 - 50},
  doi = {10.1177/0265407592091002},
  abstract = {Predictions derived from Sternberg's (1986) Triangular Theory of Love were tested. Two-hundred- and-four adults completed questionnaires assessing several constructs, including each of the three components of the theory: intimacy, passion and commitment. Results indicated mixed support for the Triangular Theory. As expected, self-reported levels of commitment were higher for the respondents in more serious (i.e. married vs unmarried) relationships. The predicted decline over time in passion emerged only for females, and intimacy levels did not generally display the predicted decline for longer relationships. Commitment was the most powerful and consistent predictor of relationship satisfaction, especially for the longest relationships. Other results indicated a need for more psychometrically sound measures of these constructs, and the desirability of using adult, non-student samples for investigations of romantic love.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - M. Acker
AU  - Mark H. Davis
T1  - Intimacy, Passion and Commitment in Adult Romantic Relationships: A Test of the Triangular Theory of Love
JO  - Journal of Social and Personal Relationships
PY  - 1992
VL  - 9
SP  - 21 - 50
EP  - 21 - 50
DO  - 10.1177/0265407592091002
AB  - Predictions derived from Sternberg's (1986) Triangular Theory of Love were tested. Two-hundred- and-four adults completed questionnaires assessing several constructs, including each of the three components of the theory: intimacy, passion and commitment. Results indicated mixed support for the Triangular Theory. As expected, self-reported levels of commitment were higher for the respondents in more serious (i.e. married vs unmarried) relationships. The predicted decline over time in passion emerged only for females, and intimacy levels did not generally display the predicted decline for longer relationships. Commitment was the most powerful and consistent predictor of relationship satisfaction, especially for the longest relationships. Other results indicated a need for more psychometrically sound measures of these constructs, and the desirability of using adult, non-student samples for investigations of romantic love.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{5af148aa82ed7375070e1dbfeca970d69de4c4ce,
  author = {S. Porges},
  title = {Biochemistry of Love},
  year = {2017},
  abstract = {Love is deeply biological. It pervades every aspect of our lives and has inspired countless works of art. Love also has a profound effect on our mental and physical state. A “broken heart” or a failed relationship can have disastrous effects; bereavement disrupts human physiology and may even precipitate death. Without loving relationships, humans fail to flourish, even if all of their other basic needs are met. As such, love is clearly not “just” an emotion; it is a biological process that is both dynamic and bidirectional in several dimensions. Social interactions between individuals, for example, trigger cognitive and physiological processes that influence emotional and mental states. In turn, these changes influence future social interactions. Similarly, the maintenance of loving relationships requires constant feedback through sensory and cognitive systems; the body seeks love and responds constantly to interactions with loved ones or to the absence of such interactions. The evolutionary principles and ancient hormonal and neural systems that support the beneficial and healing effects of loving relationships are described here.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - S. Porges
T1  - Biochemistry of Love
PY  - 2017
AB  - Love is deeply biological. It pervades every aspect of our lives and has inspired countless works of art. Love also has a profound effect on our mental and physical state. A “broken heart” or a failed relationship can have disastrous effects; bereavement disrupts human physiology and may even precipitate death. Without loving relationships, humans fail to flourish, even if all of their other basic needs are met. As such, love is clearly not “just” an emotion; it is a biological process that is both dynamic and bidirectional in several dimensions. Social interactions between individuals, for example, trigger cognitive and physiological processes that influence emotional and mental states. In turn, these changes influence future social interactions. Similarly, the maintenance of loving relationships requires constant feedback through sensory and cognitive systems; the body seeks love and responds constantly to interactions with loved ones or to the absence of such interactions. The evolutionary principles and ancient hormonal and neural systems that support the beneficial and healing effects of loving relationships are described here.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{b92114379bd5dd69e0e1435c43facc8aa563b70a,
  author = {J. Simpson and S. Gangestad},
  title = {Evolution and relationships: A call for integration.},
  journal = {Personal Relationships},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {341-355},
  doi = {10.1111/J.1475-6811.2001.TB00044.X},
  abstract = {In this introduction to the special issue on evolutionary approaches to relationships, we first review some of the major theories and milestones that have shaped and informed modern evolutionary thinking. In doing so, we discuss some of the major evolutionary theories that are most relevant to interpersonal relationships, and we describe how these theories are structurally linked. We then discuss the importance of theorizing about and studying phenomena from multiple levels of explanation–ultimate, ontogenetic, and proximate. Several misconceptions that continue to plague evolutionary psychology are then discussed, and we suggest ways in which evolutionary psychologists have unwittingly created, perpetuated, or sometimes exacerbated certain misconceptions. We conclude that the science of relationships could benefit from an infusion of more evolutionary thinking, and we propose that evolutionary psychology could benefit by having more relationship researchers.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - J. Simpson
AU  - S. Gangestad
T1  - Evolution and relationships: A call for integration.
JO  - Personal Relationships
PY  - 2001
VL  - 8
SP  - 341-355
EP  - 341-355
DO  - 10.1111/J.1475-6811.2001.TB00044.X
AB  - In this introduction to the special issue on evolutionary approaches to relationships, we first review some of the major theories and milestones that have shaped and informed modern evolutionary thinking. In doing so, we discuss some of the major evolutionary theories that are most relevant to interpersonal relationships, and we describe how these theories are structurally linked. We then discuss the importance of theorizing about and studying phenomena from multiple levels of explanation–ultimate, ontogenetic, and proximate. Several misconceptions that continue to plague evolutionary psychology are then discussed, and we suggest ways in which evolutionary psychologists have unwittingly created, perpetuated, or sometimes exacerbated certain misconceptions. We conclude that the science of relationships could benefit from an infusion of more evolutionary thinking, and we propose that evolutionary psychology could benefit by having more relationship researchers.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{49bf169a3052c02be39e7ef184bc797d66ec51de,
  author = {Joana Viana-Sousa and Marisalva Fávero and D. Moreira and Valéria Sousa-Gomes},
  title = {Emotion Regulation and Sexual Functioning in a Dyad: A Comprehensive Literature Review},
  journal = {Sexuality Research and Social Policy},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {1552-1560},
  doi = {10.1007/s13178-023-00820-4}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Joana Viana-Sousa
AU  - Marisalva Fávero
AU  - D. Moreira
AU  - Valéria Sousa-Gomes
T1  - Emotion Regulation and Sexual Functioning in a Dyad: A Comprehensive Literature Review
JO  - Sexuality Research and Social Policy
PY  - 2023
VL  - 20
SP  - 1552-1560
EP  - 1552-1560
DO  - 10.1007/s13178-023-00820-4
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{12b72bc27308d8c4809088a60fb51e74adf05574,
  author = {B. Boutwell and J. C. Barnes and Kevin M. Beaver},
  title = {When Love Dies: Further Elucidating the Existence of a Mate Ejection Module},
  journal = {Review of General Psychology},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {19},
  pages = {30 - 38},
  doi = {10.1037/gpr0000022},
  abstract = {As a species, humans are generally serial monogamists; in some cases mating with the same partner for years or even decades. Nonetheless, humans often mate with more than one partner over the life course, meaning that romantic pair bonds often come to an end. Prior research has tentatively suggested that a mental mechanism might exist that facilitates severing the romantic bond between mates. Put differently, because romantic love is a species-typical trait, all members of the human species may come equipped with the mental hardware for both falling in love as well as for ending a relationship. Currently, the evolutionary, cognitive, neurobiological, and genetic underpinnings of human mate ejection have yet to be fully elucidated. We examine each of these factors to illuminate the possible mechanisms that may underpin the human tendency to fall out of love.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - B. Boutwell
AU  - J. C. Barnes
AU  - Kevin M. Beaver
T1  - When Love Dies: Further Elucidating the Existence of a Mate Ejection Module
JO  - Review of General Psychology
PY  - 2015
VL  - 19
SP  - 30 - 38
EP  - 30 - 38
DO  - 10.1037/gpr0000022
AB  - As a species, humans are generally serial monogamists; in some cases mating with the same partner for years or even decades. Nonetheless, humans often mate with more than one partner over the life course, meaning that romantic pair bonds often come to an end. Prior research has tentatively suggested that a mental mechanism might exist that facilitates severing the romantic bond between mates. Put differently, because romantic love is a species-typical trait, all members of the human species may come equipped with the mental hardware for both falling in love as well as for ending a relationship. Currently, the evolutionary, cognitive, neurobiological, and genetic underpinnings of human mate ejection have yet to be fully elucidated. We examine each of these factors to illuminate the possible mechanisms that may underpin the human tendency to fall out of love.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{052839c794d54bc61211d3e4794ff1d70c5dd51e,
  author = {T. Ein-Dor and Gilad Hirschberger},
  title = {Rethinking Attachment Theory},
  journal = {Current Directions in Psychological Science},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {223 - 227},
  doi = {10.1177/0963721416650684},
  abstract = {Bowlby’s attachment theory has stimulated research covering a variety of topics related to individual and relational well-being, such as courtship, mate selection, motivations, emotional responses, cognitions, dreams, values, and psychopathology. This research has contributed greatly to the understanding of individual differences in mental health but at the same time has gradually lost touch with the original evolutionary essence of attachment theory. In this article, we revisit Bowlby’s original conceptualization and argue that although attachment styles relate to many different aspects of people’s lives, their primary function is to promote survival. Accordingly, we present social-defense theory and illustrate how different attachment orientations work in synergy to promote group survival, such that a social group comprising members with different attachment patterns has clear adaptive advantages over a homogeneous group of securely attached individuals. We therefore challenge the axiomatic view of insecure attachment as a psychological liability, contending that each attachment disposition has specific adaptive advantages. In making this argument, we extend the scope of attachment theory and research by considering a broader range of adaptive functions of insecure attachment strategies, and present data to support our argument.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - T. Ein-Dor
AU  - Gilad Hirschberger
T1  - Rethinking Attachment Theory
JO  - Current Directions in Psychological Science
PY  - 2016
VL  - 25
SP  - 223 - 227
EP  - 223 - 227
DO  - 10.1177/0963721416650684
AB  - Bowlby’s attachment theory has stimulated research covering a variety of topics related to individual and relational well-being, such as courtship, mate selection, motivations, emotional responses, cognitions, dreams, values, and psychopathology. This research has contributed greatly to the understanding of individual differences in mental health but at the same time has gradually lost touch with the original evolutionary essence of attachment theory. In this article, we revisit Bowlby’s original conceptualization and argue that although attachment styles relate to many different aspects of people’s lives, their primary function is to promote survival. Accordingly, we present social-defense theory and illustrate how different attachment orientations work in synergy to promote group survival, such that a social group comprising members with different attachment patterns has clear adaptive advantages over a homogeneous group of securely attached individuals. We therefore challenge the axiomatic view of insecure attachment as a psychological liability, contending that each attachment disposition has specific adaptive advantages. In making this argument, we extend the scope of attachment theory and research by considering a broader range of adaptive functions of insecure attachment strategies, and present data to support our argument.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{f05062becb59b2b1de989aee0494bbd63273343c,
  author = {Park， Yoon-Joo},
  title = {Prediction of commitment and persistence in heterosexual involvements according to the styles of loving using a datamining technique},
  journal = {},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {69-85},
  doi = {10.13088/JIIS.2016.22.4.069},
  abstract = {Successful relationship with loving partners is one of the most important factors in life. In psychology, there have been some previous researches studying the factors influencing romantic relationships. However, most of these researches were performed based on statistical analysis; thus they have limitations in analyzing complex non-linear relationships or rules based reasoning. This research analyzes commitment and persistence in heterosexual involvement according to styles of loving using a datamining technique as well as statistical methods. In this research, we consider six different styles of loving - 'eros', 'ludus', 'stroge', 'pragma', 'mania' and 'agape' which influence romantic relationships between lovers, besides the factors suggested by the previous researches. These six types of love are defined by Lee (1977) as follows: 'eros' is romantic, passionate love; 'ludus' is a game-playing or uncommitted love; 'storge' is a slow developing, friendship-based love; 'pragma' is a pragmatic, practical, mutually beneficial relationship; 'mania' is an obsessive or possessive love and, lastly, 'agape' is a gentle, caring, giving type of love, brotherly love, not concerned with the self. In order to do this research, data from 105 heterosexual couples were collected. Using the data, a linear regression method was first performed to find out the important factors associated with a commitment to partners. The result shows that 'satisfaction', 'eros' and 'agape' are significant factors associated with the commitment level for both male and female. Interestingly, in male cases, 'agape' has a greater effect on commitment than 'eros'. On the other hand, in female cases, 'eros' is a more significant factor than a high satisfaction level in relationship show a high commitment level. However, even though a male may not have a high satisfaction level, if he has made a lot of financial or mental investment in relationship, and his partner shows him a certain amount of 'agape', then he also shows a high commitment level to the female. In the case of female, a women having a high 'eros' and 'satisfaction' level shows a high commitment level. Otherwise, even though a female may not have a high satisfaction level, if her partner shows a certain amount of 'mania' then the female also shows a high commitment level. Finally, this research built a prediction model to establish whether the relationship will persist or break up using a decision tree. The result shows that the most important factor influencing to the break up is a 'narcissistic tendency' of the male. In addition to that, 'satisfaction', 'investment' and 'mania' of both male and female also affect a break up. Interestingly, while the 'mania' level of a male works positively to maintain the relationship, that of a female has a negative influence. The contribution of this research is adopting a new technique of analysis using a datamining method for psychology. In addition, the results of this research can provide useful advice to couples for building a harmonious relationship with each other. This research has several limitations. First, the experimental data was sampled based on oversampling technique to balance the size of each classes. Thus, it has a limitation of evaluating performances of the predictive models objectively. Second, the result data, whether the relationship persists of not, was collected relatively in short periods - 6 months after the initial data collection. Lastly, most of the respondents of the survey is in their 20's. In order to get more general results, we would like to extend this research to general populations.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Park， Yoon-Joo
T1  - Prediction of commitment and persistence in heterosexual involvements according to the styles of loving using a datamining technique
PY  - 2016
VL  - 22
SP  - 69-85
EP  - 69-85
DO  - 10.13088/JIIS.2016.22.4.069
AB  - Successful relationship with loving partners is one of the most important factors in life. In psychology, there have been some previous researches studying the factors influencing romantic relationships. However, most of these researches were performed based on statistical analysis; thus they have limitations in analyzing complex non-linear relationships or rules based reasoning. This research analyzes commitment and persistence in heterosexual involvement according to styles of loving using a datamining technique as well as statistical methods. In this research, we consider six different styles of loving - 'eros', 'ludus', 'stroge', 'pragma', 'mania' and 'agape' which influence romantic relationships between lovers, besides the factors suggested by the previous researches. These six types of love are defined by Lee (1977) as follows: 'eros' is romantic, passionate love; 'ludus' is a game-playing or uncommitted love; 'storge' is a slow developing, friendship-based love; 'pragma' is a pragmatic, practical, mutually beneficial relationship; 'mania' is an obsessive or possessive love and, lastly, 'agape' is a gentle, caring, giving type of love, brotherly love, not concerned with the self. In order to do this research, data from 105 heterosexual couples were collected. Using the data, a linear regression method was first performed to find out the important factors associated with a commitment to partners. The result shows that 'satisfaction', 'eros' and 'agape' are significant factors associated with the commitment level for both male and female. Interestingly, in male cases, 'agape' has a greater effect on commitment than 'eros'. On the other hand, in female cases, 'eros' is a more significant factor than a high satisfaction level in relationship show a high commitment level. However, even though a male may not have a high satisfaction level, if he has made a lot of financial or mental investment in relationship, and his partner shows him a certain amount of 'agape', then he also shows a high commitment level to the female. In the case of female, a women having a high 'eros' and 'satisfaction' level shows a high commitment level. Otherwise, even though a female may not have a high satisfaction level, if her partner shows a certain amount of 'mania' then the female also shows a high commitment level. Finally, this research built a prediction model to establish whether the relationship will persist or break up using a decision tree. The result shows that the most important factor influencing to the break up is a 'narcissistic tendency' of the male. In addition to that, 'satisfaction', 'investment' and 'mania' of both male and female also affect a break up. Interestingly, while the 'mania' level of a male works positively to maintain the relationship, that of a female has a negative influence. The contribution of this research is adopting a new technique of analysis using a datamining method for psychology. In addition, the results of this research can provide useful advice to couples for building a harmonious relationship with each other. This research has several limitations. First, the experimental data was sampled based on oversampling technique to balance the size of each classes. Thus, it has a limitation of evaluating performances of the predictive models objectively. Second, the result data, whether the relationship persists of not, was collected relatively in short periods - 6 months after the initial data collection. Lastly, most of the respondents of the survey is in their 20's. In order to get more general results, we would like to extend this research to general populations.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{d09269fdf6f264a846dc9bc25caf874be4b77297,
  author = {J. Bavel},
  title = {Partner choice and partner markets},
  journal = {Research Handbook on the Sociology of the Family},
  year = {2021},
  doi = {10.4337/9781788975544.00023},
  abstract = {Partner choice represents a crucial stage in the process of family formation, and plays a key role in the reproduction of socio-economic and cultural inequality, in the development of kinship bonds, and in the enactment of gender. Given its intricate links with broader societal shifts, partner choice represents a particularly exciting area of study, not just for family sociology and demography, but for sociology in general. The term ‘partner choice’ is used interchangeably with the terms ‘mate choice’ and choice of a ‘romantic partner’ (Lewis 2016; Schwartz 2013). The adjective ‘romantic’ connotes that the partner is chosen based on passionate mutual affection. While cross-cultural studies have suggested that passionate or romantic love is likely to be a human universal (Fisher et al. 2006; Jankowiak and Fischer 1992), it appears that romantic love did not become a normatively expected basis for marriage until the nineteenth century, particularly in Western societies (Coontz 2005; De Munck et al. 2016). This review, like most work in sociology and family demography, focuses on long-term partnerships that may lead to household formation and, potentially, to joint childrearing, rather than on short-term sexual relationships without any commitment. Partner choice encompasses situations in which partners are still living apart, living in unmarried cohabitation, or living together as married spouses. While the main focus of this chapter is on heterosexual relationships, same-sex partner choice is an emerging issue that is discussed in the final part of this chapter (see also Evertsson et al. in this volume). Moreover, the analysis focuses on partnerships that are expected to be monogamous at a given point in time. Polygamy (the practice of having multiple spouses at the same time), either in the form of polygyny (a man having more than one wife) or polyandry (a woman having more than one husband), is not discussed. There is considerable evidence that assortative mating is pervasive (Lichter and Qian 2019; Schwartz 2013). This concept denotes the fact that matches do not occur at random, as partners are sorted based on sharing a number of traits. The concept of endogamy refers to the tendency of people to select a partner within their own social group, while exogamy refers to choosing a partner outside of one’s own group (also called intermarriage; e.g., between religious groups). The distinction between endogamous and exogamous unions is used to indicate differences or similarities in qualitative group characteristics such as geographic origin, religious denomination, or ethnic background. Alternatively, the concept of homogamy refers to the tendency of people to choose a partner who has status characteristics close to their own that can be ordered or quantified, such as income, educational attainment, or socio-economic status. The unions of partners who are far apart in terms of such characteristics are called heterogamous. When an individual has a partner with higher status (‘partnering up’), the concept of hypergamy is used; whereas when an individual has a partner with lower status (‘partnering down’), the concept of hypogamy is applied. When qualifying unions, the wife is often used as a reference person: i.e., when the female partner has partnered up, the union is called hyperga-}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - J. Bavel
T1  - Partner choice and partner markets
JO  - Research Handbook on the Sociology of the Family
PY  - 2021
DO  - 10.4337/9781788975544.00023
AB  - Partner choice represents a crucial stage in the process of family formation, and plays a key role in the reproduction of socio-economic and cultural inequality, in the development of kinship bonds, and in the enactment of gender. Given its intricate links with broader societal shifts, partner choice represents a particularly exciting area of study, not just for family sociology and demography, but for sociology in general. The term ‘partner choice’ is used interchangeably with the terms ‘mate choice’ and choice of a ‘romantic partner’ (Lewis 2016; Schwartz 2013). The adjective ‘romantic’ connotes that the partner is chosen based on passionate mutual affection. While cross-cultural studies have suggested that passionate or romantic love is likely to be a human universal (Fisher et al. 2006; Jankowiak and Fischer 1992), it appears that romantic love did not become a normatively expected basis for marriage until the nineteenth century, particularly in Western societies (Coontz 2005; De Munck et al. 2016). This review, like most work in sociology and family demography, focuses on long-term partnerships that may lead to household formation and, potentially, to joint childrearing, rather than on short-term sexual relationships without any commitment. Partner choice encompasses situations in which partners are still living apart, living in unmarried cohabitation, or living together as married spouses. While the main focus of this chapter is on heterosexual relationships, same-sex partner choice is an emerging issue that is discussed in the final part of this chapter (see also Evertsson et al. in this volume). Moreover, the analysis focuses on partnerships that are expected to be monogamous at a given point in time. Polygamy (the practice of having multiple spouses at the same time), either in the form of polygyny (a man having more than one wife) or polyandry (a woman having more than one husband), is not discussed. There is considerable evidence that assortative mating is pervasive (Lichter and Qian 2019; Schwartz 2013). This concept denotes the fact that matches do not occur at random, as partners are sorted based on sharing a number of traits. The concept of endogamy refers to the tendency of people to select a partner within their own social group, while exogamy refers to choosing a partner outside of one’s own group (also called intermarriage; e.g., between religious groups). The distinction between endogamous and exogamous unions is used to indicate differences or similarities in qualitative group characteristics such as geographic origin, religious denomination, or ethnic background. Alternatively, the concept of homogamy refers to the tendency of people to choose a partner who has status characteristics close to their own that can be ordered or quantified, such as income, educational attainment, or socio-economic status. The unions of partners who are far apart in terms of such characteristics are called heterogamous. When an individual has a partner with higher status (‘partnering up’), the concept of hypergamy is used; whereas when an individual has a partner with lower status (‘partnering down’), the concept of hypogamy is applied. When qualifying unions, the wife is often used as a reference person: i.e., when the female partner has partnered up, the union is called hyperga-
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{dae3befeab7ef598ca155877e36eaf287e352764,
  author = {Vivian Zayas and S. Merrill and C. Hazan},
  title = {Fooled around and fell in love: The role of sex in adult romantic attachment formation.},
  journal = {},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {},
  abstract = {Romantic partners typically serve as attachment figures as well as sexual partners. But, surprisingly, sex research and adult attachment research have progressed independently. Consequently, little is known about how the sexual mating system affects adult attachment formation. In the present chapter, we examine this issue. We propose that the neural and physiological systems operating during sexual interactions overlap significantly with those underlying attachment bonds. As a result, sexual encounters may promote physiological and endocrinological states associated with feelings of attachment security. If such interactions are repeated over time with the same partner, the systems become conditioned, and this, in turn, promotes the formation of a pair bond.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Vivian Zayas
AU  - S. Merrill
AU  - C. Hazan
T1  - Fooled around and fell in love: The role of sex in adult romantic attachment formation.
PY  - 2015
AB  - Romantic partners typically serve as attachment figures as well as sexual partners. But, surprisingly, sex research and adult attachment research have progressed independently. Consequently, little is known about how the sexual mating system affects adult attachment formation. In the present chapter, we examine this issue. We propose that the neural and physiological systems operating during sexual interactions overlap significantly with those underlying attachment bonds. As a result, sexual encounters may promote physiological and endocrinological states associated with feelings of attachment security. If such interactions are repeated over time with the same partner, the systems become conditioned, and this, in turn, promotes the formation of a pair bond.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{8742592bf56f72cafb020ddd89eceeaaa69783f2,
  author = {A. Bartels and S. Zeki},
  title = {The neural basis of romantic love},
  journal = {NeuroReport},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {3829–3834},
  doi = {10.1097/00001756-200011270-00046},
  abstract = {The neural correlates of many emotional states have been studied, most recently through the technique of fMRI. However, nothing is known about the neural substrates involved in evoking one of the most overwhelming of all affective states, that of romantic love, about which we report here. The activity in the brains of 17 subjects who were deeply in love was scanned using fMRI, while they viewed pictures of their partners, and compared with the activity produced by viewing pictures of three friends of similar age, sex and duration of friendship as their partners. The activity was restricted to foci in the medial insula and the anterior cingulate cortex and, subcortically, in the caudate nucleus and the putamen, all bilaterally. Deactivations were observed in the posterior cingulate gyrus and in the amygdala and were right-lateralized in the prefrontal, parietal and middle temporal cortices. The combination of these sites differs from those in previous studies of emotion, suggesting that a unique network of areas is responsible for evoking this affective state. This leads us to postulate that the principle of functional specialization in the cortex applies to affective states as well.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - A. Bartels
AU  - S. Zeki
T1  - The neural basis of romantic love
JO  - NeuroReport
PY  - 2000
VL  - 11
SP  - 3829–3834
EP  - 3829–3834
DO  - 10.1097/00001756-200011270-00046
AB  - The neural correlates of many emotional states have been studied, most recently through the technique of fMRI. However, nothing is known about the neural substrates involved in evoking one of the most overwhelming of all affective states, that of romantic love, about which we report here. The activity in the brains of 17 subjects who were deeply in love was scanned using fMRI, while they viewed pictures of their partners, and compared with the activity produced by viewing pictures of three friends of similar age, sex and duration of friendship as their partners. The activity was restricted to foci in the medial insula and the anterior cingulate cortex and, subcortically, in the caudate nucleus and the putamen, all bilaterally. Deactivations were observed in the posterior cingulate gyrus and in the amygdala and were right-lateralized in the prefrontal, parietal and middle temporal cortices. The combination of these sites differs from those in previous studies of emotion, suggesting that a unique network of areas is responsible for evoking this affective state. This leads us to postulate that the principle of functional specialization in the cortex applies to affective states as well.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{86e28cdfc655af655680c2dea937072bd9d0c0e4,
  author = {C. Carter and S. Porges},
  title = {The biochemistry of love: an oxytocin hypothesis},
  journal = {EMBO reports},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {14},
  doi = {10.1038/embor.2012.191}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - C. Carter
AU  - S. Porges
T1  - The biochemistry of love: an oxytocin hypothesis
JO  - EMBO reports
PY  - 2013
VL  - 14
DO  - 10.1038/embor.2012.191
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{784bde987881459b8e380450ceaef1f0c60bfc5e,
  author = {M. Kowal and P. Sorokowski and Bojana M. Dinić and K. Pisanski and B. Gjoneska and David A Frederick and G. Pfuhl and T. Milfont and Adam Bode and Leonardo Aguilar and Felipe E. García and S. C. Roberts and Beatriz Abad-Villaverde and Tina Kavčič and Kirill G Miroshnik and I. Ndukaihe and Katarína Šafárová and J. Valentova and T. Aavik and Angélique M. Blackburn and H. Çetinkaya and İ. Duyar and Farida Guemaz and Tatsunori Ishii and Pavol Kačmár and J. Natividade and Ravit Nussinson and M. S. Omar-Fauzee and M. C. T. Pacquing and Koen Ponnet and Austin H Wang and Gyesook Yoo and Rizwana Amin and Ekaterine Pirtskhalava and R. Afhami and Alexios Arvanitis and Derya Atamtürk Duyar and Théo Besson and M. Boussena and Seda Can and Ali R Can and João Carneiro and Rita Castro and Dimitri Chubinidze and K. Čunichina and Yahya Don and Seda Dural and Edgardo Etchezahar and F. Fekih-Romdhane and Tomasz Frąckowiak and Nasim Ghahraman Moharrampour and Talía Gómez Yepes and Simone Grassini and Marija Jovic and K. S. Kertechian and Farah Khan and Aleksander Kobylarek and Valerija Križanić and Samuel Lins and Tetyana Mandzyk and E. Manunta and Tamara Martinac Dorčić and Kavitha N Muthu and Arooj Najmussaqib and T. Otterbring and Ju Hee Park and Irena Pavela Banai and M. Perun and M. E. S. Reyes and J. P. Röer and Ayşegül Şahin and Fatima Zahra Sahli and D. Šakan and Sangeeta Singh and Sanja Smojver-Ažić and Sinem Söylemez and O. Spasovski and A. Studzinska and Ezgi Toplu-Demirtaş and Arkadiusz Urbanek and Tatiana Volkodav and Anna Włodarczyk and M. Yaakob and M. Yusof and Marcos Zumárraga-Espinosa and M. Zupančič and Robert J. Sternberg},
  title = {Validation of the Short Version (TLS-15) of the Triangular Love Scale (TLS-45) across 37 Languages},
  journal = {Archives of Sexual Behavior},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {53},
  pages = {839 - 857},
  doi = {10.1007/s10508-023-02702-7}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - M. Kowal
AU  - P. Sorokowski
AU  - Bojana M. Dinić
AU  - K. Pisanski
AU  - B. Gjoneska
AU  - David A Frederick
AU  - G. Pfuhl
AU  - T. Milfont
AU  - Adam Bode
AU  - Leonardo Aguilar
AU  - Felipe E. García
AU  - S. C. Roberts
AU  - Beatriz Abad-Villaverde
AU  - Tina Kavčič
AU  - Kirill G Miroshnik
AU  - I. Ndukaihe
AU  - Katarína Šafárová
AU  - J. Valentova
AU  - T. Aavik
AU  - Angélique M. Blackburn
AU  - H. Çetinkaya
AU  - İ. Duyar
AU  - Farida Guemaz
AU  - Tatsunori Ishii
AU  - Pavol Kačmár
AU  - J. Natividade
AU  - Ravit Nussinson
AU  - M. S. Omar-Fauzee
AU  - M. C. T. Pacquing
AU  - Koen Ponnet
AU  - Austin H Wang
AU  - Gyesook Yoo
AU  - Rizwana Amin
AU  - Ekaterine Pirtskhalava
AU  - R. Afhami
AU  - Alexios Arvanitis
AU  - Derya Atamtürk Duyar
AU  - Théo Besson
AU  - M. Boussena
AU  - Seda Can
AU  - Ali R Can
AU  - João Carneiro
AU  - Rita Castro
AU  - Dimitri Chubinidze
AU  - K. Čunichina
AU  - Yahya Don
AU  - Seda Dural
AU  - Edgardo Etchezahar
AU  - F. Fekih-Romdhane
AU  - Tomasz Frąckowiak
AU  - Nasim Ghahraman Moharrampour
AU  - Talía Gómez Yepes
AU  - Simone Grassini
AU  - Marija Jovic
AU  - K. S. Kertechian
AU  - Farah Khan
AU  - Aleksander Kobylarek
AU  - Valerija Križanić
AU  - Samuel Lins
AU  - Tetyana Mandzyk
AU  - E. Manunta
AU  - Tamara Martinac Dorčić
AU  - Kavitha N Muthu
AU  - Arooj Najmussaqib
AU  - T. Otterbring
AU  - Ju Hee Park
AU  - Irena Pavela Banai
AU  - M. Perun
AU  - M. E. S. Reyes
AU  - J. P. Röer
AU  - Ayşegül Şahin
AU  - Fatima Zahra Sahli
AU  - D. Šakan
AU  - Sangeeta Singh
AU  - Sanja Smojver-Ažić
AU  - Sinem Söylemez
AU  - O. Spasovski
AU  - A. Studzinska
AU  - Ezgi Toplu-Demirtaş
AU  - Arkadiusz Urbanek
AU  - Tatiana Volkodav
AU  - Anna Włodarczyk
AU  - M. Yaakob
AU  - M. Yusof
AU  - Marcos Zumárraga-Espinosa
AU  - M. Zupančič
AU  - Robert J. Sternberg
T1  - Validation of the Short Version (TLS-15) of the Triangular Love Scale (TLS-45) across 37 Languages
JO  - Archives of Sexual Behavior
PY  - 2023
VL  - 53
SP  - 839 - 857
EP  - 839 - 857
DO  - 10.1007/s10508-023-02702-7
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{a40268228eaef4897762cfc36195e0cba50545c6,
  author = {Clinical Neuropsychiatry and Elizabeth Clark-Polner and M. Clark and S. Clark},
  title = {LESSONS FROM BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE FOR THE NEUROSCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION OF LOVE},
  journal = {},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {},
  abstract = {Neuroscientific approaches are actively being used to gain intriguing and valuable insight into the nature of love and relationships. There is a simultaneous burgeoning of behavioral research on the nature of love, affection and support in relationships, but these literatures have remained largely segregated from each other. In this paper, we put forth a few strategies for facilitating the coupling of current neuroscientific efforts with up-to-date theory and findings from the behavioral research conducted by social and personality psychologists. Specifically, we make suggestions as to how to import knowledge from current behavioral relationship research to neuroscience to aid in 1) the conceptualization of love, and 2) the design and conduct of studies to examine it. To illustrate, we discuss the concept of responsiveness in close relationships (one characteristic of successful romantic relationships, friendships, and family relationships), and the ways in which the construct of responsiveness may highlight novel ways to identify love (or a lack thereof) for the purposes of future research. We then discuss the ways in which this might influence future neuroscientific studies of love. In essence, this paper is a call for closer collaboration between relationship scientists generally, and neuroscientists interested in relationships in conducting research on the nature of love.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Clinical Neuropsychiatry
AU  - Elizabeth Clark-Polner
AU  - M. Clark
AU  - S. Clark
T1  - LESSONS FROM BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE FOR THE NEUROSCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION OF LOVE
PY  - 2012
AB  - Neuroscientific approaches are actively being used to gain intriguing and valuable insight into the nature of love and relationships. There is a simultaneous burgeoning of behavioral research on the nature of love, affection and support in relationships, but these literatures have remained largely segregated from each other. In this paper, we put forth a few strategies for facilitating the coupling of current neuroscientific efforts with up-to-date theory and findings from the behavioral research conducted by social and personality psychologists. Specifically, we make suggestions as to how to import knowledge from current behavioral relationship research to neuroscience to aid in 1) the conceptualization of love, and 2) the design and conduct of studies to examine it. To illustrate, we discuss the concept of responsiveness in close relationships (one characteristic of successful romantic relationships, friendships, and family relationships), and the ways in which the construct of responsiveness may highlight novel ways to identify love (or a lack thereof) for the purposes of future research. We then discuss the ways in which this might influence future neuroscientific studies of love. In essence, this paper is a call for closer collaboration between relationship scientists generally, and neuroscientists interested in relationships in conducting research on the nature of love.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{c642f96a1489584a0ff6848a63dfde7390673cd3,
  author = {Dan J Stein and B. Vythilingum},
  title = {Love and Attachment: The Psychobiology of Social Bonding},
  journal = {CNS Spectrums},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {239 - 242},
  doi = {10.1017/S1092852900025384},
  abstract = {ABSTRACT Basic animal studies and human imaging studies have contributed to our understanding of the psychobiology of love and attachment. There are overlaps and distinctions in the neuronal circuitry of maternal love, romantic love, and long-term attachment. In these circuits, important molecules, which have been demonstrated to play a role in the psychobiology of social bonding include dopamine, serotonin, opioids, oxytocin, and vasopressin. Particular genetic and environmental variations contribute to social-bonding phenotypes, consistent with an evolutionary perspective on the value of these behaviors. Advances in the psychobiology of social bonds have led to hypotheses about the pharmacotherapy of disorders of attachment.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Dan J Stein
AU  - B. Vythilingum
T1  - Love and Attachment: The Psychobiology of Social Bonding
JO  - CNS Spectrums
PY  - 2009
VL  - 14
SP  - 239 - 242
EP  - 239 - 242
DO  - 10.1017/S1092852900025384
AB  - ABSTRACT Basic animal studies and human imaging studies have contributed to our understanding of the psychobiology of love and attachment. There are overlaps and distinctions in the neuronal circuitry of maternal love, romantic love, and long-term attachment. In these circuits, important molecules, which have been demonstrated to play a role in the psychobiology of social bonding include dopamine, serotonin, opioids, oxytocin, and vasopressin. Particular genetic and environmental variations contribute to social-bonding phenotypes, consistent with an evolutionary perspective on the value of these behaviors. Advances in the psychobiology of social bonds have led to hypotheses about the pharmacotherapy of disorders of attachment.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{2dd7e7118e31ada86becab497183d3641822fd78,
  author = {Z. Rubin},
  title = {Measurement of romantic love.},
  journal = {Journal of personality and social psychology},
  year = {1970},
  volume = {16 2},
  pages = {
          265-73
        },
  doi = {10.1037/H0029841},
  abstract = {This study reports Ihc initial results of an attempt to introduce and validate a social-psychological construct oi" romantic love. Starting with the assumption that love is an interpersonal attitude, an internally consistent papcr-and-pencil love scale was developed. The conception of romantic love included three components: affiliative and dependent need, a predisposition to help, and an orientation of exclusiveness and absorption. Love-scale scores were only moderately correlated with scores on a parallel scale of "liking," which reflected a more traditional conception of interpersonal attraction. The validity of the love scale was assessed in a questionnaire study and a laboratory experiment. On the basis of the emerging conception of love, it was predicted that college dating couples who loved each other a great deal (as categorized by their love-scale scores) would spend more time gazing into one another's eyes than would couples who loved each other to a lesser degree. The prediction was confirmed. Love is generally regarded to be the deepest and most meaningful of sentiments. It has occupied a preeminent position in the art and literature of every age, and it is presumably experienced, at least occasionally, by the vast majority of people. In Western culture, moreover, the association between love and marriage gives it a unique status as a link between the individual and the structure of society. In view of these considerations, it is surprising to discover that social psychologists have devoted virtually no attention to love. Although interpersonal attraction has been a major focus of social-psycho logical theory and research, workers in this area have not attempted to conceptualize love as an independent entity. For Heider (1958), for example, "loving" is merely intense liking— there is no discussion of possible qualitative 1 This report is based on a doctoral dissertation submitted to the University of Michigan. The research was supported by a prccloctoral fellowship from the National Institute of Mental Health and by a grant-in-aid from the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues. The author is grateful to Theodore M. Ncwcomb, chairman of the dissertation committee, for his invaluable guidance and support. Mitchell Baris, Cheryl Eisenman, Linda Muller, Judy Newman, Marlyn Rame, Stuart Katz, Edward Krupat, and Phillip Shaver served as observers in the experiment, and Mr. Shaver also helped design and assemble the equipment. 2 Requests for reprints should be sent to the author, Department of Social Relations, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Z. Rubin
T1  - Measurement of romantic love.
JO  - Journal of personality and social psychology
PY  - 1970
VL  - 16 2
SP  - 
          265-73
        
EP  - 
          265-73
        
DO  - 10.1037/H0029841
AB  - This study reports Ihc initial results of an attempt to introduce and validate a social-psychological construct oi" romantic love. Starting with the assumption that love is an interpersonal attitude, an internally consistent papcr-and-pencil love scale was developed. The conception of romantic love included three components: affiliative and dependent need, a predisposition to help, and an orientation of exclusiveness and absorption. Love-scale scores were only moderately correlated with scores on a parallel scale of "liking," which reflected a more traditional conception of interpersonal attraction. The validity of the love scale was assessed in a questionnaire study and a laboratory experiment. On the basis of the emerging conception of love, it was predicted that college dating couples who loved each other a great deal (as categorized by their love-scale scores) would spend more time gazing into one another's eyes than would couples who loved each other to a lesser degree. The prediction was confirmed. Love is generally regarded to be the deepest and most meaningful of sentiments. It has occupied a preeminent position in the art and literature of every age, and it is presumably experienced, at least occasionally, by the vast majority of people. In Western culture, moreover, the association between love and marriage gives it a unique status as a link between the individual and the structure of society. In view of these considerations, it is surprising to discover that social psychologists have devoted virtually no attention to love. Although interpersonal attraction has been a major focus of social-psycho logical theory and research, workers in this area have not attempted to conceptualize love as an independent entity. For Heider (1958), for example, "loving" is merely intense liking— there is no discussion of possible qualitative 1 This report is based on a doctoral dissertation submitted to the University of Michigan. The research was supported by a prccloctoral fellowship from the National Institute of Mental Health and by a grant-in-aid from the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues. The author is grateful to Theodore M. Ncwcomb, chairman of the dissertation committee, for his invaluable guidance and support. Mitchell Baris, Cheryl Eisenman, Linda Muller, Judy Newman, Marlyn Rame, Stuart Katz, Edward Krupat, and Phillip Shaver served as observers in the experiment, and Mr. Shaver also helped design and assemble the equipment. 2 Requests for reprints should be sent to the author, Department of Social Relations, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{7dbe9badedf94f885c48fc717d2ebd62df4ac79e,
  author = {Meredith K. Loth and Zoe R. Donaldson},
  title = {Oxytocin, Dopamine, and Opioid Interactions Underlying Pair Bonding: Highlighting a Potential Role for Microglia},
  journal = {Endocrinology},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {162},
  doi = {10.1210/endocr/bqaa223},
  abstract = {Abstract Pair bonds represent some of the strongest attachments we form as humans. These relationships positively modulate health and well-being. Conversely, the loss of a spouse is an emotionally painful event that leads to numerous deleterious physiological effects, including increased risk for cardiac dysfunction and mental illness. Much of our understanding of the neuroendocrine basis of pair bonding has come from studies of monogamous prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), laboratory-amenable rodents that, unlike laboratory mice and rats, form lifelong pair bonds. Specifically, research using prairie voles has delineated a role for multiple neuromodulatory and neuroendocrine systems in the formation and maintenance of pair bonds, including the oxytocinergic, dopaminergic, and opioidergic systems. However, while these studies have contributed to our understanding of selective attachment, few studies have examined how interactions among these 3 systems may be essential for expression of complex social behaviors, such as pair bonding. Therefore, in this review, we focus on how the social neuropeptide, oxytocin, interacts with classical reward system modulators, including dopamine and endogenous opioids, during bond formation and maintenance. We argue that an understanding of these interactions has important clinical implications and is required to understand the evolution and encoding of complex social behaviors more generally. Finally, we provide a brief consideration of future directions, including a discussion of the possible roles that glia, specifically microglia, may have in modulating social behavior by acting as a functional regulator of these 3 neuromodulatory systems.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Meredith K. Loth
AU  - Zoe R. Donaldson
T1  - Oxytocin, Dopamine, and Opioid Interactions Underlying Pair Bonding: Highlighting a Potential Role for Microglia
JO  - Endocrinology
PY  - 2020
VL  - 162
DO  - 10.1210/endocr/bqaa223
AB  - Abstract Pair bonds represent some of the strongest attachments we form as humans. These relationships positively modulate health and well-being. Conversely, the loss of a spouse is an emotionally painful event that leads to numerous deleterious physiological effects, including increased risk for cardiac dysfunction and mental illness. Much of our understanding of the neuroendocrine basis of pair bonding has come from studies of monogamous prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), laboratory-amenable rodents that, unlike laboratory mice and rats, form lifelong pair bonds. Specifically, research using prairie voles has delineated a role for multiple neuromodulatory and neuroendocrine systems in the formation and maintenance of pair bonds, including the oxytocinergic, dopaminergic, and opioidergic systems. However, while these studies have contributed to our understanding of selective attachment, few studies have examined how interactions among these 3 systems may be essential for expression of complex social behaviors, such as pair bonding. Therefore, in this review, we focus on how the social neuropeptide, oxytocin, interacts with classical reward system modulators, including dopamine and endogenous opioids, during bond formation and maintenance. We argue that an understanding of these interactions has important clinical implications and is required to understand the evolution and encoding of complex social behaviors more generally. Finally, we provide a brief consideration of future directions, including a discussion of the possible roles that glia, specifically microglia, may have in modulating social behavior by acting as a functional regulator of these 3 neuromodulatory systems.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{1f8bd8f2940ae32d0cc8c45ad4fd0e4aa52a8475,
  author = {Vladas Griskevicius and M. Haselton and J. Ackerman},
  title = {Evolution and ClosE REl ationships},
  journal = {},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {},
  doi = {10.1037/14344-001},
  abstract = {Throughout history, humans have faced critical challenges that included finding a mate, keeping that mate, caring for kin, forming coalitions, and gaining some status. Solving each of these ancestral challenges involved forming a different type of social relationship. An evolutionary perspective suggests that there is a set of fundamentally different types of close relationships associated with different evolutionary challenges. These types include (a) mate attraction (e.g., dating couples), (b) mate retention (e.g., married couples), (c) kin care (e.g., family members), (d) coalition formation (e.g., friends), and (e) status (e.g., workplace relationships). Each type of ancestral challenge is associated with different kinds of evolutionary opportunities and costs, suggesting that different types of relationships may be governed by a different relationship-specific psychology. In this chapter, we review the principles of evolutionary psychology and their implications for close relationships. Although some animals spend most of their lives as hermits, humans have always lived in groups. The human brain has evolved for social relationships (Kenrick, Griskevicius, Neuberg, & Schaller, 2010; Kenrick, Neuberg, & White, in press). But although people are born ready to love and relate to other people, relationships differ in several important ways. For example, the words I love you can be spoken by a parent to a newborn baby, by a young man to a woman he met yesterday at a beach resort in Mexico, and by a heterosexual woman to her best female friend. Yet parental love is not the same as romantic love, which is still different from platonic love between friends. In this chapter, we consider social relationships from an evolutionary perspective. This perspective contends that, throughout history, humans have faced a set of core ancestral challenges, which include attracting a mate, keeping that mate, caring for kin, forming coalitions, and attaining status. An evolutionary perspective suggests that each type of challenge can be solved by forming different types of relationships. These relationship types include (a) dating couples, (b) married couples, (c) family members, (d) friends, and (e) coworkers (see Table 1.1). Each type of relationship is associated with different kinds of evolutionary opportunities and costs, meaning that people need different things from different types of intimate others and must provide different things to those intimate others. These needs and provisions vary systematically depending on the type of relationship. In this chapter, we first briefly review what it means to take an evolutionary perspective, reviewing some foundational principles. We then discuss each of the five types of relationships, reviewing relevant theory and findings. Finally, we discuss emerging themes and future directions in the study of social relationships from an evolutionary perspective.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Vladas Griskevicius
AU  - M. Haselton
AU  - J. Ackerman
T1  - Evolution and ClosE REl ationships
PY  - 2015
DO  - 10.1037/14344-001
AB  - Throughout history, humans have faced critical challenges that included finding a mate, keeping that mate, caring for kin, forming coalitions, and gaining some status. Solving each of these ancestral challenges involved forming a different type of social relationship. An evolutionary perspective suggests that there is a set of fundamentally different types of close relationships associated with different evolutionary challenges. These types include (a) mate attraction (e.g., dating couples), (b) mate retention (e.g., married couples), (c) kin care (e.g., family members), (d) coalition formation (e.g., friends), and (e) status (e.g., workplace relationships). Each type of ancestral challenge is associated with different kinds of evolutionary opportunities and costs, suggesting that different types of relationships may be governed by a different relationship-specific psychology. In this chapter, we review the principles of evolutionary psychology and their implications for close relationships. Although some animals spend most of their lives as hermits, humans have always lived in groups. The human brain has evolved for social relationships (Kenrick, Griskevicius, Neuberg, & Schaller, 2010; Kenrick, Neuberg, & White, in press). But although people are born ready to love and relate to other people, relationships differ in several important ways. For example, the words I love you can be spoken by a parent to a newborn baby, by a young man to a woman he met yesterday at a beach resort in Mexico, and by a heterosexual woman to her best female friend. Yet parental love is not the same as romantic love, which is still different from platonic love between friends. In this chapter, we consider social relationships from an evolutionary perspective. This perspective contends that, throughout history, humans have faced a set of core ancestral challenges, which include attracting a mate, keeping that mate, caring for kin, forming coalitions, and attaining status. An evolutionary perspective suggests that each type of challenge can be solved by forming different types of relationships. These relationship types include (a) dating couples, (b) married couples, (c) family members, (d) friends, and (e) coworkers (see Table 1.1). Each type of relationship is associated with different kinds of evolutionary opportunities and costs, meaning that people need different things from different types of intimate others and must provide different things to those intimate others. These needs and provisions vary systematically depending on the type of relationship. In this chapter, we first briefly review what it means to take an evolutionary perspective, reviewing some foundational principles. We then discuss each of the five types of relationships, reviewing relevant theory and findings. Finally, we discuss emerging themes and future directions in the study of social relationships from an evolutionary perspective.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{5712f9f28b1b4250f8bb41faa5cf9d4eefea9c47,
  author = {Won Kim and Seungyeon Kim and Jaeseung Jeong and Kyung-Uk Lee and K. Ahn and Yong-An Chung and Keun-Young Hong and J. Chae},
  title = {Temporal Changes in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Activation of Heterosexual Couples for Visual Stimuli of Loved Partners},
  journal = {Psychiatry Investigation},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {19 - 25},
  doi = {10.4306/pi.2009.6.1.19},
  abstract = {Objective Previous neuroimaging studies on romantic love have focused on determining how the visual stimuli that serve as a representation of loved ones induce the neural activation patterns of romantic love. The purpose of this study was to investigate the temporal changes in romantic love over a period of 6 months and their correlated neurophysiological changes. Methods Five heterosexual couples (n=10, mean age 21.1±1.97) who started dating not less than 100 days previously were recruited to measure their blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while showing them pictures of their loved ones and their previously identified, opposite-sex friends. Subsequently, the subjects were scanned under the same experimental conditions to assess possible changes in their brain activities after 180 days. Results We found that their Passionate Love Score (PLS) values (M: 118.6±9.1, F: 120.2±7.0) were significantly reduced after 6 months (M: 110.8±4.0, F: 106.2±3.0). Furthermore, significantly increased activations were found in the cingulate gyri, inferior frontal gyri, supramarginal gyri, etc., after 6 months, whereas the head and tail of the right caudate nucleus were deactivated, which is indicative of the inhibition of expression and sensory neglect. Conclusion These findings suggest that dynamic neural processes in the cortical-subcortical regions are involved in temporal changes in romantic love.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Won Kim
AU  - Seungyeon Kim
AU  - Jaeseung Jeong
AU  - Kyung-Uk Lee
AU  - K. Ahn
AU  - Yong-An Chung
AU  - Keun-Young Hong
AU  - J. Chae
T1  - Temporal Changes in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Activation of Heterosexual Couples for Visual Stimuli of Loved Partners
JO  - Psychiatry Investigation
PY  - 2009
VL  - 6
SP  - 19 - 25
EP  - 19 - 25
DO  - 10.4306/pi.2009.6.1.19
AB  - Objective Previous neuroimaging studies on romantic love have focused on determining how the visual stimuli that serve as a representation of loved ones induce the neural activation patterns of romantic love. The purpose of this study was to investigate the temporal changes in romantic love over a period of 6 months and their correlated neurophysiological changes. Methods Five heterosexual couples (n=10, mean age 21.1±1.97) who started dating not less than 100 days previously were recruited to measure their blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while showing them pictures of their loved ones and their previously identified, opposite-sex friends. Subsequently, the subjects were scanned under the same experimental conditions to assess possible changes in their brain activities after 180 days. Results We found that their Passionate Love Score (PLS) values (M: 118.6±9.1, F: 120.2±7.0) were significantly reduced after 6 months (M: 110.8±4.0, F: 106.2±3.0). Furthermore, significantly increased activations were found in the cingulate gyri, inferior frontal gyri, supramarginal gyri, etc., after 6 months, whereas the head and tail of the right caudate nucleus were deactivated, which is indicative of the inhibition of expression and sensory neglect. Conclusion These findings suggest that dynamic neural processes in the cortical-subcortical regions are involved in temporal changes in romantic love.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{613653fc17153479b23060e367f15baba118d869,
  author = {Teorías Sobre and Priscilla Barbosa de Oliveira and Annor da Silva Júnior},
  title = {Teorias Sobre o Amor no Campo da},
  journal = {},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {},
  abstract = {Abstract: The present study is a theoretical essay about the phenomenon of love in romantic relation-ships in the field of psychology and social psychology. The first theories on love in psychology are presented. After, three theories of social psychology are discussed in greater depth: love styles, by JohnAlan Lee, the adult attachment theory, by Phillip Shaver, Cindy Hazan and Donna Bradshaw, and the triangular theory of love, by Robert J. Sternberg. The contributions of each theory on theoretical, empirical and methodological issues are presented.Two aspects were observed: that love is a complex phenomenon and the presence of theoretical and methodologicaldifferences among the three theories. The complexity is observedin theoretical approach diversityin research results. and Theoretically, there is disagreement onhowlove is conceived.Methodologically, there is a predominance of quantitative research with different scales. It is observed that further investigation on the theme is needed, as well as on the scales adopted. Therefore, the love field ofstudy is still in process of evolution, so further research may contribute to this field. It is suggested that it is important to study the interaction of culture,and values beliefs in the experience of love and to use more qualitative approaches in the research about love.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Teorías Sobre
AU  - Priscilla Barbosa de Oliveira
AU  - Annor da Silva Júnior
T1  - Teorias Sobre o Amor no Campo da
PY  - 2013
AB  - Abstract: The present study is a theoretical essay about the phenomenon of love in romantic relation-ships in the field of psychology and social psychology. The first theories on love in psychology are presented. After, three theories of social psychology are discussed in greater depth: love styles, by JohnAlan Lee, the adult attachment theory, by Phillip Shaver, Cindy Hazan and Donna Bradshaw, and the triangular theory of love, by Robert J. Sternberg. The contributions of each theory on theoretical, empirical and methodological issues are presented.Two aspects were observed: that love is a complex phenomenon and the presence of theoretical and methodologicaldifferences among the three theories. The complexity is observedin theoretical approach diversityin research results. and Theoretically, there is disagreement onhowlove is conceived.Methodologically, there is a predominance of quantitative research with different scales. It is observed that further investigation on the theme is needed, as well as on the scales adopted. Therefore, the love field ofstudy is still in process of evolution, so further research may contribute to this field. It is suggested that it is important to study the interaction of culture,and values beliefs in the experience of love and to use more qualitative approaches in the research about love.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{c760e07f07711b16b323f1d79b61d8edce2b7a7f,
  author = {G. Pica and M. Rullo and Stefano Pagliaro},
  title = {Sexuality and Morality: How Sexual Experiences Affect Self-Humanity Perceptions},
  journal = {Basic and Applied Social Psychology},
  year = {2024},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {68 - 82},
  doi = {10.1080/01973533.2024.2302463},
  abstract = {Abstract The present research explored the relationship between sexual experiences and self-humanity perceptions. We investigated and found that the immoral perceptions of a sexual experience negatively predict self-humanity perceptions (Study 1), and that the recalling of a perceived moral sexual experience predicts higher self-humanity perceptions as compared to the recalling of an everyday social interaction (control group; Study 2b) and of a perceived immoral sexual experience (Studies 2a and 2b). Contrary to expectations, no meaningful difference emerged between the perceived immoral sexual experience and the control conditions (Study 2b). Furthermore, mediation analysis revealed that recalling a perceived moral sexual experience positively predicts self-humanity perceptions through the effect of increased social connection. The discussion considered the implications of these findings for morality.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - G. Pica
AU  - M. Rullo
AU  - Stefano Pagliaro
T1  - Sexuality and Morality: How Sexual Experiences Affect Self-Humanity Perceptions
JO  - Basic and Applied Social Psychology
PY  - 2024
VL  - 46
SP  - 68 - 82
EP  - 68 - 82
DO  - 10.1080/01973533.2024.2302463
AB  - Abstract The present research explored the relationship between sexual experiences and self-humanity perceptions. We investigated and found that the immoral perceptions of a sexual experience negatively predict self-humanity perceptions (Study 1), and that the recalling of a perceived moral sexual experience predicts higher self-humanity perceptions as compared to the recalling of an everyday social interaction (control group; Study 2b) and of a perceived immoral sexual experience (Studies 2a and 2b). Contrary to expectations, no meaningful difference emerged between the perceived immoral sexual experience and the control conditions (Study 2b). Furthermore, mediation analysis revealed that recalling a perceived moral sexual experience positively predicts self-humanity perceptions through the effect of increased social connection. The discussion considered the implications of these findings for morality.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{ed8235f4b947920f10aab55e6b814972d541672c,
  author = {Seizi Suzuki},
  title = {Biparental Care in Insects: Paternal Care, Life History, and the Function of the Nest},
  journal = {Journal of Insect Science},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {13},
  doi = {10.1673/031.013.13101},
  abstract = {Abstract The evolution of parental care is a complex process, and many evolutionary pathways have been hypothesized. Maternal care is common, but paternal care is not. High confidence of paternity should favor the evolution of paternal attendance in caring for young; biparental care is rare because paternity assurance is typically low compared to maternity. Biparental care in insects has evolved several times and has high diversity. To evaluate the conditions for the evolution of biparental care, a comparison across taxa is suitable. In this review, common traits of biparental species are discussed in order to evaluate previous models of biparental care and the life history of insects. It will be shown that nesting is a common feature in biparental insects. Nest structure limits extra-pair copulations, contributing to the evolution of biparental care.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Seizi Suzuki
T1  - Biparental Care in Insects: Paternal Care, Life History, and the Function of the Nest
JO  - Journal of Insect Science
PY  - 2013
VL  - 13
DO  - 10.1673/031.013.13101
AB  - Abstract The evolution of parental care is a complex process, and many evolutionary pathways have been hypothesized. Maternal care is common, but paternal care is not. High confidence of paternity should favor the evolution of paternal attendance in caring for young; biparental care is rare because paternity assurance is typically low compared to maternity. Biparental care in insects has evolved several times and has high diversity. To evaluate the conditions for the evolution of biparental care, a comparison across taxa is suitable. In this review, common traits of biparental species are discussed in order to evaluate previous models of biparental care and the life history of insects. It will be shown that nesting is a common feature in biparental insects. Nest structure limits extra-pair copulations, contributing to the evolution of biparental care.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{4c28b25afb95fdcf0d31c307c1d0b98f9d75be61,
  author = {James A. Fowler and Marini Mendis and Alex Crook and U. Chavez-Baldini and Tabitha Baca and Judith A. Dean},
  title = {Exploring Aromanticism Through an Online Qualitative Investigation With the Aromantic Community: “Freeing, Alienating, and Utterly Fantastic”},
  journal = {International Journal of Sexual Health},
  year = {2024},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {126 - 143},
  doi = {10.1080/19317611.2024.2311158},
  abstract = {Abstract Objective To explore what aromanticism is, common misconceptions about this identity, and the experiences people have connecting with an aromantic identity. Methods An online, international open-ended survey with a convenience sample of aromantic individuals (N = 1642) analyzed with thematic analysis. Results To identify as aromantic involves a spectrum of experiences with romance commonly tied to experiencing stigma. Connecting with an aromantic identity allows for a greater understanding of the self and a connection to a community. Conclusions Future research is needed to explore the experiences and perspectives of this community to gather better understanding of their needs and how to prevent/limit stigmatizing experiences.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - James A. Fowler
AU  - Marini Mendis
AU  - Alex Crook
AU  - U. Chavez-Baldini
AU  - Tabitha Baca
AU  - Judith A. Dean
T1  - Exploring Aromanticism Through an Online Qualitative Investigation With the Aromantic Community: “Freeing, Alienating, and Utterly Fantastic”
JO  - International Journal of Sexual Health
PY  - 2024
VL  - 36
SP  - 126 - 143
EP  - 126 - 143
DO  - 10.1080/19317611.2024.2311158
AB  - Abstract Objective To explore what aromanticism is, common misconceptions about this identity, and the experiences people have connecting with an aromantic identity. Methods An online, international open-ended survey with a convenience sample of aromantic individuals (N = 1642) analyzed with thematic analysis. Results To identify as aromantic involves a spectrum of experiences with romance commonly tied to experiencing stigma. Connecting with an aromantic identity allows for a greater understanding of the self and a connection to a community. Conclusions Future research is needed to explore the experiences and perspectives of this community to gather better understanding of their needs and how to prevent/limit stigmatizing experiences.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{f1b1d8caeb32751a017dd7804fefb59fe731da4a,
  author = {P. Zablocki-Thomas and F. Rogers and K. Bales},
  title = {Neuroimaging of human and non-human animal emotion and affect in the context of social relationships},
  journal = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {16},
  doi = {10.3389/fnbeh.2022.994504},
  abstract = {Long-term relationships are essential for the psychological wellbeing of humans and many animals. Positive emotions and affective experiences (e.g., romantic or platonic love) seem to be closely related to the creation and maintenance of social bonds. When relationships are threatened or terminated, other emotions generally considered to be negative can arise (e.g., jealousy or loneliness). Because humans and animals share (to varying degrees) common evolutionary histories, researchers have attempted to explain the evolution of affect and emotion through the comparative approach. Now brain imaging techniques allow the comparison of the neurobiological substrates of affective states and emotion in human and animal brains using a common methodology. Here, we review brain imaging studies that feature emotions characterized by the context of social bonding. We compare imaging findings associated with affective and emotional states elicited by similar social situations between humans and animal models. We also highlight the role of key neurohormones (i.e., oxytocin, vasopressin, and dopamine) that jointly support the occurrence of socially contextualized emotions and affect across species. In doing so, we seek to explore and clarify if and how humans and animals might similarly experience social emotion and affect in the context of social relationships.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - P. Zablocki-Thomas
AU  - F. Rogers
AU  - K. Bales
T1  - Neuroimaging of human and non-human animal emotion and affect in the context of social relationships
JO  - Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
PY  - 2022
VL  - 16
DO  - 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.994504
AB  - Long-term relationships are essential for the psychological wellbeing of humans and many animals. Positive emotions and affective experiences (e.g., romantic or platonic love) seem to be closely related to the creation and maintenance of social bonds. When relationships are threatened or terminated, other emotions generally considered to be negative can arise (e.g., jealousy or loneliness). Because humans and animals share (to varying degrees) common evolutionary histories, researchers have attempted to explain the evolution of affect and emotion through the comparative approach. Now brain imaging techniques allow the comparison of the neurobiological substrates of affective states and emotion in human and animal brains using a common methodology. Here, we review brain imaging studies that feature emotions characterized by the context of social bonding. We compare imaging findings associated with affective and emotional states elicited by similar social situations between humans and animal models. We also highlight the role of key neurohormones (i.e., oxytocin, vasopressin, and dopamine) that jointly support the occurrence of socially contextualized emotions and affect across species. In doing so, we seek to explore and clarify if and how humans and animals might similarly experience social emotion and affect in the context of social relationships.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{4cb48b8b6b1aa016297a582c4ce8a4a8ceb1e1ff,
  author = {M. Schlossberg},
  title = {Passions Within Reason: The Strategic Role of the Emotions.},
  year = {1990},
  doi = {10.5860/choice.26-4535}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - M. Schlossberg
T1  - Passions Within Reason: The Strategic Role of the Emotions.
PY  - 1990
DO  - 10.5860/choice.26-4535
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{d5c54a1992bd28c73c05043361d96f8182767173,
  author = {N. Baumard and Élise Huillery and Alexandre Hyafil and L. Safra},
  title = {The cultural evolution of love in literary history},
  journal = {Nature Human Behaviour},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {506 - 522},
  doi = {10.1038/s41562-022-01292-z}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - N. Baumard
AU  - Élise Huillery
AU  - Alexandre Hyafil
AU  - L. Safra
T1  - The cultural evolution of love in literary history
JO  - Nature Human Behaviour
PY  - 2022
VL  - 6
SP  - 506 - 522
EP  - 506 - 522
DO  - 10.1038/s41562-022-01292-z
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{02cd2b1772ccc7dbc85406186d7923b766ffa229,
  author = {G. Miller and P. Todd},
  title = {Mate choice turns cognitive},
  journal = {Trends in Cognitive Sciences},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {190-198},
  doi = {10.1016/S1364-6613(98)01169-3}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - G. Miller
AU  - P. Todd
T1  - Mate choice turns cognitive
JO  - Trends in Cognitive Sciences
PY  - 1998
VL  - 2
SP  - 190-198
EP  - 190-198
DO  - 10.1016/S1364-6613(98)01169-3
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{b1cf0dae47659571ac7dfaf8b19ae66ef017795b,
  author = {S. Cacioppo and J. Cacioppo},
  title = {Why may allopregnanolone help alleviate loneliness?},
  journal = {Medical hypotheses},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {85 6},
  pages = {
          947-52
        },
  doi = {10.1016/j.mehy.2015.09.004}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - S. Cacioppo
AU  - J. Cacioppo
T1  - Why may allopregnanolone help alleviate loneliness?
JO  - Medical hypotheses
PY  - 2015
VL  - 85 6
SP  - 
          947-52
        
EP  - 
          947-52
        
DO  - 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.09.004
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{1001a92a881962568a196a29c990451b22dfb774,
  author = {F. D. de Waal and S. Gavrilets},
  title = {Monogamy with a purpose},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {110},
  pages = {15167 - 15168},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1315839110},
  abstract = {Humans are fascinated by animal monogamy. In the 1960s, Konrad Lorenz idealized the lifelong pair-bonds of geese until one of his students pointed out some infidelities and suggested that geese may be “only human” (1), and Desmond Morris (2) speculated about the advantages of the pair-bond for early humans. Even though many theories have since been proposed, human monogamous inclinations have also been questioned, including the pervasive idea that it all boils down to provisioning by fathers.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - F. D. de Waal
AU  - S. Gavrilets
T1  - Monogamy with a purpose
JO  - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
PY  - 2013
VL  - 110
SP  - 15167 - 15168
EP  - 15167 - 15168
DO  - 10.1073/pnas.1315839110
AB  - Humans are fascinated by animal monogamy. In the 1960s, Konrad Lorenz idealized the lifelong pair-bonds of geese until one of his students pointed out some infidelities and suggested that geese may be “only human” (1), and Desmond Morris (2) speculated about the advantages of the pair-bond for early humans. Even though many theories have since been proposed, human monogamous inclinations have also been questioned, including the pervasive idea that it all boils down to provisioning by fathers.
ER  - 

BibTeX

@misc{4cb206a0b973ce84e19d844ddfc2678cd23f0bbd,
  author = {L. Fitouchi and J-B André and N. Baumard},
  title = {Are there really so many moral emotions? Carving morality at its functional joints},
  journal = {},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {},
  doi = {10.31234/OSF.IO/2PHZT},
  abstract = {In recent decades, a large body of work has highlighted the importance of emotional processes in moral cognition. Since then, a heterogeneous bundle of emotions as varied as anger, guilt, shame, contempt, empathy, gratitude, and disgust have been proposed to play an essential role in moral psychology. However, the inclusion of these emotions in the moral domain often lacks a clear functional rationale, generating conflations between merely social and properly moral emotions. Here, we build on (i) evolutionary theories of morality as an adaptation for attracting others’ cooperative investments, and on (ii) specifications of the distinctive form and content of moral cognitive representations. On this basis, we argue that only indignation (“moral anger”) and guilt can be rigorously characterized as moral emotions, operating on distinctively moral representations. Indignation functions to reclaim benefits to which one is morally entitled, without exceeding the limits of justice. Guilt functions to motivate individuals to compensate their violations of moral contracts. By contrast, other proposed moral emotions (e.g. empathy, shame, disgust) appear only superficially associated with moral cognitive contents and adaptive challenges. Shame doesn’t track, by design, the respect of moral obligations, but rather social valuation, the two being not necessarily aligned. Empathy functions to motivate prosocial behavior between interdependent individuals, independently of, and sometimes even in contradiction with the prescriptions of moral intuitions. While disgust is often hypothesized to have acquired a moral role beyond its pathogen-avoidance function, we argue that both evolutionary rationales and psychological evidence for this claim remain inconclusive for now.}
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
AU  - L. Fitouchi
AU  - J-B André
AU  - N. Baumard
T1  - Are there really so many moral emotions? Carving morality at its functional joints
PY  - 2021
DO  - 10.31234/OSF.IO/2PHZT
AB  - In recent decades, a large body of work has highlighted the importance of emotional processes in moral cognition. Since then, a heterogeneous bundle of emotions as varied as anger, guilt, shame, contempt, empathy, gratitude, and disgust have been proposed to play an essential role in moral psychology. However, the inclusion of these emotions in the moral domain often lacks a clear functional rationale, generating conflations between merely social and properly moral emotions. Here, we build on (i) evolutionary theories of morality as an adaptation for attracting others’ cooperative investments, and on (ii) specifications of the distinctive form and content of moral cognitive representations. On this basis, we argue that only indignation (“moral anger”) and guilt can be rigorously characterized as moral emotions, operating on distinctively moral representations. Indignation functions to reclaim benefits to which one is morally entitled, without exceeding the limits of justice. Guilt functions to motivate individuals to compensate their violations of moral contracts. By contrast, other proposed moral emotions (e.g. empathy, shame, disgust) appear only superficially associated with moral cognitive contents and adaptive challenges. Shame doesn’t track, by design, the respect of moral obligations, but rather social valuation, the two being not necessarily aligned. Empathy functions to motivate prosocial behavior between interdependent individuals, independently of, and sometimes even in contradiction with the prescriptions of moral intuitions. While disgust is often hypothesized to have acquired a moral role beyond its pathogen-avoidance function, we argue that both evolutionary rationales and psychological evidence for this claim remain inconclusive for now.
ER  - 

BibTeX