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I'm trying to find research articles to explore the relationship between sleep duration and weight control. I'm more interested in empirical studies rather than review articles.

Summary

Empirical studies support a significant relationship between short sleep duration and increased risk of obesity or weight gain across various demographics [1, 3, 4].

The gathered empirical studies span a variety of contexts and populations, providing robust evidence linking shortened sleep duration to higher obesity risk and weight gain. For example, research demonstrates this relationship longitudinally in children, from childhood through adolescence, implicating insufficient nighttime sleep as a significant risk factor for early-life obesity [1, 3]. Additionally, adult populations are not exempt, as demonstrated in studies where short sleep duration is directly associated with increased body mass index (BMI) and obesity in both genders, though some studies suggest age and gender may modulate this relationship [4, 44]. These findings are pivotal as they underline sleep duration as a potentially modifiable risk factor for obesity across the lifespan.

To understand the relationships and patterns within the papers found, see:

Categories of papers

Direct Empirical Evidence on Sleep Duration and Weight Control

Studies that examine the relationship between sleep duration and changes in body weight, BMI, or risk of obesity. References: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 23, 32, 33, 34, 39, 41, 42, 44]

Mechanisms Linking Sleep Duration and Obesity

Research that investigates hormonal, behavioral, or metabolic mechanisms by which sleep duration can influence weight gain or obesity. References: [4, 7, 19, 31, 50, 52, 54]

Influence of Sleep Quality and Timing on Weight Control

Studies focusing on how factors related to sleep, beyond duration, such as quality and timing, impact body weight or obesity risk. References: [12, 17, 18, 28, 47]

Demographic Variabilities in the Sleep-Duration and Weight Relationship

Investigations into how the relationship between sleep duration and weight control varies across different age groups, genders, or cultural backgrounds. References: [21, 26, 27, 29, 30, 36, 44, 45, 53]

Finally, if you care about finding every paper on this topic, I can continue searching. So far, I've analyzed 280 of the most promising papers, and I've found ~225-232 that are relevant. Based on that progress, I can statistically estimate that I've gathered ~24.1% of all relevant papers that exist.

References

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Cit./Year

Year

Paper

Extracted Information

100.0%

13.5

2008

[1] Childhood Sleep Time and Long-Term Risk for Obesity: A 32-Year Prospective Birth Cohort Study C. E. Landhuis, ..., and R. Hancox Pediatrics 2008 - 210 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Showcases a link between childhood sleep duration and obesity risk. Longer sleep in childhood associated with lower obesity risk at 32. Adjusted for confounders; supports adequate sleep as obesity prevention strategy.

100.0%

19.8

2007

[2] Sleep and the body mass index and overweight status of children and adolescents. Emily K. Snell, ..., and G. Duncan Child development 2007 - 344 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides empirical evidence on sleep and BMI in children. Shows shorter sleep leads to higher BMI and increased overweight risk. Explores sleep habits in American children aged 3-18 years longitudinally.

99.9%

16.1

2010

[3] Shortened nighttime sleep duration in early life and subsequent childhood obesity. J. Bell and F. Zimmerman Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine 2010 - 221 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides empirical evidence linking early life sleep duration and childhood obesity. Shows strong association between short nighttime sleep in early life and increased obesity risk in younger children. Indicates daytime sleep has minimal effect on obesity risk, highlighting the importance of nighttime sleep specifically.

99.7%

49.5

2005

[4] Inadequate sleep as a risk factor for obesity: analyses of the NHANES I. James E. Gangwisch, ..., and S. Heymsfield Sleep 2005 - 922 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides empirical analysis linking sleep deprivation to obesity. Uses NHANES I data to examine sleep duration's effect on weight gain and BMI. Longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses confirm less than 7 hours of sleep increases obesity risk.

99.7%

23.3

2008

[5] The association between sleep duration and weight gain in adults: a 6-year prospective study from the Quebec Family Study. J. Chaput, ..., and A. Tremblay Sleep 2008 - 376 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Investigates sleep duration's linkage to body weight/fat gain. Longitudinal study showing both short and long sleep durations associated with weight gain over 6 years. Uses a community-based sample, providing wide applicability of findings.

99.7%

0.0

2012

[6] Sleep duration and obesity in women - A 10 year prospective study J. Theorell-Haglöw, ..., and E. Lindberg European Respiratory Journal 2012 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides empirical evidence on sleep duration and obesity in women. Utilizes a 10-year prospective study analyzing weight gain and BMI correlations. Highlights both short (<6h) and long (≥9h) sleep as obesity risks.

99.7%

2.0

2010

[7] Short sleep duration promoting overconsumption of food: A reward-driven eating behavior? J. Chaput Sleep 2010 - 27 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: THE PROOF-OF-CONCEPT FOR SHORT SLEEP DURATION AS A POSSIBLE CAUSE OF OBESITY IS GROWING.1,2 PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDIES HAVE consistently shown that short sleep duration is associated with weight gain and incidence of obesity in children and adults. Intervention studies have provided a mechanistic explanation for the short sleep-obesity connection (i.e., that sleep restriction impacts hormonal regulation of appetite). Ongoing research is trying to determine whether sleep extension in sleep deprived obese individuals can influence appetite control and/or reduce body fat.3 Given the high prevalence of chronic sleep restriction, studies aiming to elucidate the possible causal association between short sleep duration and obesity are of utmost importance from a public health standpoint. The potential mechanisms by which short sleep duration may influence body weight are under scrutiny. In order to produce weight gain, reduced sleep must either increase energy intake and/or reduce energy expenditure. Decreased energy expenditure as an explanation for why short sleep duration is associated with weight gain requires further research. The increased fatigue and tiredness associated with sleeping too little generally decreases people's motivation to follow exercise regimens. In particular, recent results have shown that short-term sleep restriction (2 nights of 4 h in bed) was accompanied by a decrease in daytime spontaneous physical activity in healthy men.4 Interestingly, the reduction in overall physical activity was explained by a shift toward less intense activities under free-living conditions. Reductions in involuntary physical activity (also called non-exercise activity thermogenesis, or NEAT) may be another mechanism by which lack of sleep influences energy expenditure. However, more research using objective physical activity monitoring to track NEAT levels in relation to lack of sleep is needed in order to improve our understanding of the contribution of this energy expenditure component. On the other side of the energy balance equation, increased energy intake appears to be the most plausible explanation as to why short sleepers have a higher risk of becoming obese. Firstly, short sleep duration might increase the risk of weight gain by preventing the restoration of a hormonal profile facilitating appetite control (homeostatic regulation of feeding). Indeed, lack of sleep has been reported to decrease leptin levels, increase ghrelin levels, alter glucose homeostasis, and activate the orexin system.5 Secondly, lack of sleep could also lead to weight gain and obesity by increasing the time available for eating and by making the maintenance of a healthy lifestyle more difficult. In an environment where food is highly palatable and readily available, caloric intake may be directly proportional to the time spent awake, especially if most of waking hours are spent in sedentary activities, such as watching television, where snacking is common. This concept is supported by recent data showing that recurrent bedtime restriction under free-living conditions did not down-regulate the satiety hormone leptin nor up-regulate the appetite-stimulating hormone ghrelin, but increased intake of calories from snacks, which suggests hedonic rather than homeostatic mediators of the shift in food selection.6 Likewise, results from another study have shown that habitual short sleepers (average of 6 h/night) ate more often (i.e., > 3 meals/day, with more frequent nibbling) than did long sleepers.7 Hence, the hedonic value of food intake might play a crucial role in the short sleep-obesity link. The cross-sectional study of Weiss and colleagues in this issue of SLEEP provides further evidence to support the theory of the hedonic value of food intake associated with short sleep duration.8 Indeed, the authors observe that shorter sleep duration in adolescents was associated with a relatively higher caloric intake derived from fat and a lower caloric intake from carbohydrates. Additionally, shorter sleep duration was associated with a 2-fold increased risk of consuming ≥ 475 kcal/day from snacks in unadjusted analyses. As highlighted by the authors, increased snacking and consumption of high energy foods may reflect effects of short sleep duration on stress responses and reward seeking behaviors. Strengths of this study include (i) the use of an objective measure of sleep duration (wrist actigraphy); (ii) the quantitative measures of macronutrient intake (multiple-pass 24-h food recalls); and (iii) the free-living environment. An important target of future studies should be the non-homeostatic, reward-driven feeding behavior that could be affected by short sleep duration. Because bedtime restriction inevitably results in more extended exposure to readily available, energy-dense, palatable foods, the regulation of energy balance can be easily compromised in such circumstances. In particular, the advent of functional magnetic resonance imaging is likely to be instrumental in documenting food-related reward activation in the brain after sleep restriction.9 Interestingly, a recent study in adolescents reports that impaired sleep was associated with less reactivity of reward-related brain systems, suggesting that more exciting rewards are required to create the same level of neural activation.10 Because the orexin system is a critical regulator of sleep/wake states, and of feeding behavior and reward processes, it is a potentially important therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity.11 Recent research and the mounting body of evidence regarding the health-related effects of short sleep duration remind us that sleep is not a waste of time and that voluntary sleep restriction can impact our health in various ways. Furthermore, the study of appetite control in our modern world reminds us that our quest for reward and pleasure is not finely tuned to our biology.12,13 With modern sedentary activities (e.g., television viewing, video game playing, cognitive working, listening to music), promoting overconsumption of food “in the absence of hunger,”14 a better understanding of these environmental stimuli is needed if we are to develop behavioral strategies to cope with them effectively.

Shows empirical links between short sleep and obesity. Investigates mechanisms: increased energy intake, decreased energy expenditure due to sleep deprivation. Examines sleep extension as potential treatment for obesity.

99.6%

11.8

2008

[8] Cross-sectional versus prospective associations of sleep duration with changes in relative weight and body fat distribution: the Whitehall II Study. S. Stranges, ..., and M. Marmot American journal of epidemiology 2008 - 192 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Investigates sleep duration's effect on body mass and waist size. Uses longitudinal data from the Whitehall II Study, assessing changes over 5-7 years. Finds short sleep linked to higher BMI and waist circumference cross-sectionally.

99.6%

3.8

2010

[9] A 4-Year Study of the Association between Short Sleep Duration and Change in Body Mass Index in Japanese Male Workers C. Nishiura and H. Hashimoto Journal of Epidemiology 2010 - 52 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Shows empirical relation between short sleep and BMI increase. Japanese male workers sleeping ≤5 hours had a higher baseline BMI and gained more BMI over 4 years. Utilized linear regression and controlled for age, lifestyle, and medication, enhancing the study's validity.

99.6%

8.1

2012

[10] Sleep duration and weight change in midlife women: The SWAN Sleep Study Bradley M. Appelhans, ..., and H. Kravitz Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2012 - 96 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Explores sleep duration's impact on BMI changes in midlife women. Analyzes associations between sleep duration, current BMI, and BMI change. Accounts for the confounding effects of sleep-disordered breathing in analysis.

99.6%

0.2

2013

[11] Short sleep duration is associated with increased BMI in adolescents over time C. Magee and Jeong Kyu Lee Evidence-Based Medicine 2013 - 2 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Investigates the link between short sleep duration and BMI increase in adolescents. Uses a longitudinal study design on 1390 adolescents to examine BMI changes over time. Highlights the need for more studies on sleep duration's bidirectional relationship with obesity, specifically in adolescents.

99.6%

4.2

2022

[12] Sleep dimensions are associated with obesity, poor diet quality and eating behaviors in school-aged children Catalina Ramírez-Contreras, ..., and M. F. Zerón-Rugerio Frontiers in Nutrition 2022 - 7 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Objectives The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between sleep dimensions (duration, patterns, and disturbances) with body mass index (BMI), diet quality, and eating behaviors in school-aged children. Additionally, we aimed to investigate whether obesogenic eating behaviors (higher food responsiveness, lower satiety responsiveness, and less slowness in eating) and poor diet quality could mediate the potential association between sleep and obesity in school-aged children. Materials and methods For all participants (n = 588 children, age 5–12 years; 51% girls) we evaluated: sleep dimensions, BMI, diet quality, eating behaviors (food responsiveness, satiety responsiveness and slowness in eating). Linear regression models were used to test associations between exposure and outcome variables. Additionally, path analysis was conducted to test whether eating behaviors mediated the relationship between sleep and obesity. Results Shorter sleep duration (β = −0.722, p = 0.009) and greater sleep disturbances (β = 0.031, p = 0.012) were significantly associated with BMI. Additionally, we observed that diet quality was significantly associated with sleep duration (β = 0.430, p = 0.004), the midpoint of sleep (β = −0.927, p < 0.001), and sleep disturbances (β = −0.029, p < 0.001). Among other findings, greater sleep disturbances were associated with food responsiveness (β = 0.017, p < 0.001), satiety responsiveness (β = 0.015, p < 0.001), and slowness in eating (β = 0.012, p < 0.001). Importantly, food responsiveness was found as significant mediator of the relationship between sleep and BMI (R = 0.427, R2 = 0.182, p < 0.001). Conclusions Late sleep patterns, short sleep duration, and greater sleep disturbances are significantly related with what and how school-aged children eat. Importantly, poor diet quality was significantly related to all three sleep dimensions, while eating behaviors had a significant relationship with greater sleep disturbances. These findings may be relevant to the development of behavioral targets to prevent childhood obesity, including sleep hygiene guidelines as a strategy to improve children's eating habits, as well as their BMI.

Provides empirical evidence linking sleep dimensions to obesity in children. Shorter sleep duration and more sleep disturbances are associated with higher BMI. Examines diet quality and eating behaviors as mediators between sleep and obesity.

99.6%

3.0

2013

[13] The Longitudinal Relationship Between Sleep Duration and Body Mass Index in Children: A Growth Mixture Modeling Approach C. Magee, ..., and D. Iverson Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 2013 - 33 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Shows longitudinal relationship between sleep duration and BMI in children. Uses growth mixture modeling to identify distinct BMI trajectories over time. Highlights shorter sleep durations primarily associated with early onset obesity.

99.6%

17.0

2010

[14] Association of short sleep duration with weight gain and obesity at 1-year follow-up: a large-scale prospective study. Mayumi Watanabe, ..., and Masaya Takahashi Sleep 2010 - 243 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Demonstrates the impact of sleep duration on men's obesity risk. Finds men with <5 and 5-6 hours of sleep had higher obesity odds. No significant sleep duration-obesity link found in women over 1 year.

99.6%

33.9

2004

[15] The association between short sleep duration and obesity in young adults: a 13-year prospective study. G. Hasler, ..., and J. Angst Sleep 2004 - 677 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides a longitudinal study on sleep and obesity link. Associates short sleep duration with obesity in young adults over 13 years. Finds relationship diminishes after age 34, implicating sleep as a modifiable risk factor.

99.6%

10.6

2011

[16] Short sleep duration and body mass index: a prospective longitudinal study in preadolescence. V. Seegers, ..., and E. Touchette American journal of epidemiology 2011 - 140 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides empirical data on sleep duration and BMI in children. Uses regression analysis on a cohort of 1,916 preadolescent children. Adjusted for confounders including pubertal status, highlights sleep's impact on weight in a specific age group.

99.6%

1.9

2022

[17] The Sleep-Obesity Nexus: Assessment of Multiple Sleep Dimensions and Weight Status Among Victorian Primary School Children B. Morrissey, ..., and Claudia Strugnell Nature and Science of Sleep 2022 - 4 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides empirical analysis of sleep dimensions and childhood obesity. Shows poor sleep quality, late timing increase overweight/obesity odds in children. Indicates cumulative poor sleep scores double obesity risk, emphasizing multifactorial sleep-obesity links.

99.6%

3.4

2021

[18] Independent associations of sleep timing, duration and quality with adiposity and weight status in a national sample of adolescents: The UK Millennium Cohort Study P. Collings Journal of Sleep Research 2021 - 11 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides empirical data on sleep parameters and adiposity in adolescents. Shows late sleep timing and short duration increase obesity risk. Utilizes self-reported sleep characteristics, linking them to weight status.

99.6%

16.4

2013

[19] Effects of experimental sleep restriction on caloric intake and activity energy expenditure. A. Calvin, ..., and V. Somers Chest 2013 - 179 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Investigates sleep restriction's effect on caloric intake and activity. Explores hormonal changes (leptin and ghrelin) influencing appetite under sleep restriction. Conducts a randomized study comparing usual sleep to restricted sleep conditions.

99.6%

0.0

2006

[20] 351 THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SLEEP TIME AND BODY MASS INDEX IN CLINIC PATIENTS. D. Buscemi, ..., and K. Nugent Journal of Investigative Medicine 2006 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Background Obesity has become a major health problem in the United States. The identification of potentially modifiable risk factors should lead to better treatment of this problem. Epidemiological studies have shown an association between shorter sleep times and increased body mass index (BMI). We used a survey instrument in our clinic patients to evaluate the association between sleep time and BMI and to identify potential confounding factors. Methods We obtained a convenience sample of consecutive patients in internal medicine resident clinics. Two hundred patients agreed to participate and four refused. Patients were given a structured questionnaire asking about sleeping, eating, and lifestyle habits. We used descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and multivariate linear regression for data analysis. Unstable sleep was defined as having greater than a 2 hr range in to bed times or greater than a 2 hr range in wake-up times, or naps of length greater than 1 hr. Results The final sample had 199 patients (74 men and 125 women). The median age was 54 with a range of 18 to 89. The mean BMI was 28.8 in men and 29.1 in women (p < .05 by t-test). Forty-one percent of the patients had a BMI $ 30. The mean sleep time was 7.7 hr in men and 8.0 in women (p > .05 by t-test). BMI was higher in younger patients (18-49) than older patients (> 50) (p < .05). The average BMI was higher in working patients than nonworking patients, and these working patients had a shorter sleep time (p < .05). Patients with unstable sleep patterns had a higher BMI (p > .05). Logistic regression demonstrated that the probability of obesity (BMI $ 30) increased in women (odds ratio [OR]: 2.7),in young patients (18-49 yrs, OR: 4.9), with short sleep periods (first quartile: 3-6.9 hrs, OR: 2.82), with dieting (OR: 7.03), with drinking alcohol (OR: 4.11), in diabetics (OR: 2.39), in hypertensive patients (OR: 2.39), and in sleep apnea (OR: 8.77). Subgroup analysis with logistic regression demonstrated that short sleep periods increased the probability of obesity in males and in stable sleepers but not in women or in unstable sleepers. Sleep period had a U-shaped effect in young patients (18-49) but not older patients. Conclusion Adult BMI depends on genetic background, environmental influences, and acquired diseases. In this clinic population, shorter sleep time (3-6.9 hrs), age (18-49), and female gender increased the probability of obesity. Our subgroup analysis suggests that weight loss programs should focus on young males with short sleep times (less than 7 hours). In addition, our results suggest that sleep research studies need to separate patients with stable sleep patterns from patients with unstable patterns.

Investigates the association between sleep time and BMI. Uses surveys in clinic patients to explore how sleep duration relates to obesity. Employs descriptive statistics and logistic regression in analysis.

99.6%

2.6

2017

[21] Sleep duration is associated with body fat and muscle mass and waist‐to‐height ratio beyond conventional obesity parameters in Korean adolescent boys G. Nam, ..., and Won Hee Seo Journal of Sleep Research 2017 - 18 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides evidence of sleep duration's impact on obesity in adolescents. Shows inverse association between sleep duration and various obesity parameters in South Korean boys. Focuses on a youth demographic and includes sex-specific analysis, enhancing relevance to specific subgroup studies.

99.6%

3.9

2010

[22] The relationship between school day sleep duration and body mass index in Norwegian children (aged 10-12). Y. Danielsen, ..., and B. Bjorvatn International journal of pediatric obesity : IJPO : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 2010 - 55 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides empirical data on sleep duration and BMI in children. Shows high BMI associated with both short and long sleep durations. Obesity rates higher in shortest sleep duration group, adjusting for confounders.

99.5%

8.2

2011

[23] Short sleep duration is independently associated with overweight and obesity in Quebec children. J. Chaput, ..., and A. Tremblay Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique 2011 - 107 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Investigates the link between sleep duration and child obesity. Demonstrates a U-shaped relationship between sleep duration and adiposity indices. Employs objective measures for adiposity and sleep, discounting activity and diet mediation.

99.5%

0.6

2014

[24] Sleep Duration and Weight Gain: Reconsideration by Panel Data Analysis Chihiro 千尋 Nishiura 西浦 and Hideki 英樹 Hashimoto 橋本 Journal of Epidemiology 2014 - 6 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Investigates the relationship between sleep duration and BMI changes. Utilizes panel data analysis to adjust for time-invariant confounders. Suggests the effect of sleep on weight gain may be overestimated.

99.5%

0.0

2020

[25] Analysis of the Relationship between Sleep Duration and Body Mass Index among Korean Adolescents Using Data from the 2013-2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Boram Lee, ..., and S. Kim Korean Journal of Family Medicine 2020 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides empirical evidence on sleep duration and BMI in adolescents. Shows a negative correlation between sleep duration and BMI after adjusting for confounders. Focuses on South Korean middle and high school students.

99.5%

3.3

2020

[26] Association of Sleep Duration and Overweight/Obesity among Children in China Jing Fan, ..., and Ailing Liu International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020 - 14 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Examines sleep duration's impact on child obesity in China. Uses CNHHS data (2010-2012), categorizing BMI and analyzing sleep duration in relation to obesity. Finds shorter sleep significantly increases obesity risk in children.

99.5%

2.9

2010

[27] Is Sleep Duration Associated With Obesity in Older Australian Adults? C. Magee, ..., and D. Iverson Journal of Aging and Health 2010 - 40 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Investigates sleep duration's association with obesity in older adults. Finds short and long sleep linked to obesity in ages 55-64 but not 65+. Empirical study; focuses on older Australian adults, using self-reported health data.

99.5%

2.9

2019

[28] Does sleep affect weight gain? Assessing subjective sleep and polysomnography measures in a population-based cohort study (CoLaus/HypnoLaus). N. Häusler, ..., and P. Marques-Vidal Sleep 2019 - 15 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides empirical evidence on sleep characteristics and weight gain. Utilizes both subjective questionnaires and objective polysomnography in a middle-aged cohort. Explores association between several sleep attributes and prospective weight gain, using a population-based study design.

99.5%

4.6

2012

[29] Sleep Duration and Adiposity During Adolescence J. Araújo, ..., and E. Ramos Pediatrics 2012 - 53 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides empirical evidence on sleep duration and adiposity in adolescents. Shows an inverse association between sleep duration and BMI in boys at 13. Utilizes cross-sectional and longitudinal data, enhancing the study's reliability.

99.5%

2.1

2017

[30] Gender-specific Association of Sleep Duration with Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Body Fat in Chinese Adults. Liuqianzi Yan, ..., and Wen-hua Zhao Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES 2017 - 15 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Shows association between sleep duration and obesity in Chinese adults. Uses self-reported sleep data and obesity measures like BMI, WC, and %BF. Finds longer sleep durations linked to higher obesity rates in women.

99.5%

5.8

2010

[31] Do all sedentary activities lead to weight gain: sleep does not J. Chaput, ..., and A. Sjödin Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 2010 - 78 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides empirical evidence linking short sleep duration to obesity. Shows that sleep restriction affects hormonal balance, increasing hunger and appetite, leading to weight gain. Emphasizes sleep’s role in appetite control and suggests future research on sleep extension for obesity management.

99.5%

5.5

2011

[32] Association of sleep duration with weight and weight gain: a prospective follow‐up study P. Lyytikäinen, ..., and T. Lallukka Journal of Sleep Research 2011 - 71 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides evidence linking sleep duration to weight gain. Short and long sleep durations are associated with major weight gain in women. Study focused on middle-aged employed women; no male association found.

99.5%

2.5

2016

[33] Sleep Duration Trajectories and Body Composition in Adolescents: Prospective Birth Cohort Study A. A. Schäfer, ..., and M. Assunção PLoS ONE 2016 - 20 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides empirical evidence on sleep duration and body composition in adolescents. Utilizes data from a longitudinal birth cohort study with self-reported sleep duration. Analyzes the association between sleep patterns over time and changes in body mass index and fat mass.

99.5%

3.3

2022

[34] Impact of Short Sleep Duration on the Incidence of Obesity and Overweight among Children and Adolescents Seung-Ho Han, ..., and J. Pyo Medicina 2022 - 6 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Evaluates the impact of sleep duration on obesity in youth. Analyzes risks for overweight/obesity based on sleep, considering age and sex differences. Utilizes odds ratios, with subgroup analysis on sleep duration, sex, and location.

99.5%

0.0

2016

[35] Abstract P304: The Association of Sleep Duration and Severe Obesity in a Working Population: The Baptist Health South Florida Employee Study E. Osondu, ..., and K. Nasir Circulation 2016 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Investigates the link between sleep duration and severe obesity. Specific focus on a working population in South Florida. Limited to showing an inverse relationship; may not detail mechanisms.

99.5%

2.4

2012

[36] Short sleep and obesity in a large national cohort of Thai adults V. Yiengprugsawan, ..., and A. Sleigh BMJ Open 2012 - 29 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides empirical evidence linking short sleep to obesity in Thai adults. Used multinomial logistic regression showing short sleep (<6h) significantly associated with higher obesity odds. Longitudinal analysis over 4 years supports the short sleep-obesity relationship with incremental weight gain.

99.5%

0.5

2020

[37] [A study on the relationship between insufficient sleep and obesity among children and adolescents in China]. Y. Li, ..., and J. Ma Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi = Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi 2020 - 2 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Objective: To analyze the relationship between insufficient sleep and obesity or central obesity in Chinese Han children and adolescents aged 9-18 years. Methods: A total of 172 710 students who participated in the 2014 Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health with complete data of sleep duration and physical examination, were selected as study subjects. Insufficient sleep was defined, according to the amount of sleep for pediatric populations recommended by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Obesity and central obesity of children and adolescents were judged by experts from the Group of China Obesity Task Force and Health Industry Standards in China. Differences between groups were compared by using the t test or χ(2) test. Logistic regression method was applied to assess the relationship between insufficient sleep and obesity or central obesity. Results: In 2014, numbers of students with insufficient sleep, obesity and central obesity among Chinese Han children and adolescents aged 9-18 years appeared as 133 410 (77.2%), 11 145 (6.5%), and 12 603 (17.8%), respectively. Among the students with insufficient sleep, 8 358 (6.3%) were with obesity and 12 244 (17.9%) were with central obesity. The prevalence of obesity and central obesity among boys with insufficient sleep was higher than that in girls. Pupils with insufficient sleep showed the highest prevalence of obesity and central obesity. After controlling for potential confounders, the risk of obesity appeared an increase of 14.5% (OR=1.145, 95%CI: 1.092-1.200) and the risk of central obesity increased by 12.7% (OR=1.127, 95%CI: 1.078-1.178) in students with insufficient sleep, when compared with those with adequate sleep. Compared with those whose daily sleep duration was less than 6 hours, the ones who slept 7-10 hours per day showed significantly reduction on the risk of obesity and central obesity in students. Conclusions: Insufficient sleep significantly increase the risk of obesity and central obesity in children and adolescents while adequate sleep of 7-10 hours per day would reduce the risk of obesity and central obesity in students.

Investigates the link between sleep and obesity in Chinese youth. Analyzes data from 172,710 students on sleep duration and obesity. Uses American Academy of Sleep Medicine's sleep recommendations for analysis.

99.5%

1.6

2022

[38] The Role of Sleep and Eating Patterns in Adiposity Gain among Preschool-Aged Children. Amy R Goetz, ..., and F. Bacha The American journal of clinical nutrition 2022 - 3 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides empirical data on sleep's effect on child adiposity. Evaluates sleep characteristics' correlation with body composition and weight-regulating behaviors. Includes 1-year follow-up on sleep and eating patterns' impacts on body composition.

99.5%

0.7

2021

[39] Sleep duration and eating behaviours are associated with body composition in 5-year-old children: findings from the ROLO longitudinal birth cohort study Anna Delahunt, ..., and F. Mcauliffe British Journal of Nutrition 2021 - 2 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Shows the relation between sleep duration and child body composition. Longer sleep duration is linked to lower BMI and MUAC measurements. Evidences sex-specific differences, with stronger associations observed in girls.

99.5%

0.5

2010

[40] Association between Sleep Duration and Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference J. Najafian, ..., and Fatemeh Nouri Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2010 - 7 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Examines the association between sleep duration, BMI, and waist circumference. Utilizes a sub-sample of 1770 individuals from central Iran for empirical analysis. Adjusts for sex, BMI, and daily calorie intake in assessing sleep's impact on obesity indices.

99.5%

0.0

2009

[41] Original Research Article Long Sleep Duration and Childhood Overweight/Obesity and Body Fat C. Padez, ..., and Vítor Rosado Journal Not Provided 2009 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Demonstrates an inverse relationship between sleep duration and childhood obesity. Longer sleep duration associated with lower odds of being overweight/obese and having less body fat in children. Factors like parental education, TV watching, and physical activity influence sleep duration in children.

99.5%

3.5

2007

[42] Does short sleep duration favor abdominal adiposity in children? J. Chaput and A. Tremblay International journal of pediatric obesity : IJPO : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 2007 - 59 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Shows impact of sleep duration on abdominal adiposity in children. Short sleep duration significantly correlated with increased waist circumference, independent of BMI. Utilized a cross-sectional design involving 422 children, adjusting for multiple covariates.

99.4%

3.9

2018

[43] Sleep Extension in Short Sleepers: An Evaluation of Feasibility and Effectiveness for Weight Management and Cardiometabolic Disease Prevention Theresa Pizinger, ..., and M. St-Onge Frontiers in Endocrinology 2018 - 23 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Sleep duration has become increasingly recognized as an important influencer of health. Epidemiologic and observational studies have shown associations between short sleep duration and increased risk for chronic cardiometabolic disorders, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. These associations have led to investigations into the potential causal pathways through which short sleep may increase risk for these disorders. Clinical intervention studies have demonstrated that restricting sleep in normal sleepers has adverse health effects, including insulin resistance, and increased blood pressure. The totality of evidence points to negative health effects of short sleep and the recognition of sleep as a lifestyle behavior that may be targeted for disease prevention. It is well established that consistent, adequate sleep is associated with the lowest risk of obesity and cardiometabolic disorders. Yet, it is unclear whether increasing sleep in short sleepers can improve health. In today's society, it is common for individuals to deprive themselves of sleep during the work week, with the intent to sleep longer during the weekend, or have “catch-up sleep.” Studies that have examined the health effects of extended sleep, post-sleep restriction, revealed some improvements in health outcomes. However, it is uncertain whether the improvements observed with catch-up sleep are sufficient to reverse the negative health effects of constant sleep restriction. Few intervention studies have been undertaken to determine whether extending sleep, long-term, in short sleepers is feasible and whether it can reduce the disease risk burden associated with short sleep duration. The purpose of this review is to highlight these studies and evaluate information related to the impact of sleep extension on risk factors for chronic cardiometabolic disorders. We discuss limitations of current research, including variability in participant characteristics and the extent to which sleep behaviors are modified and monitored. Although the evidence-base for benefits of sleep extension is still in the early stages, studies to date indicate that prolonging sleep, in short sleepers, may improve cardiometabolic risk. Finally, our review calls attention to areas that require further study and for larger scale studies of behavior modification to establish the health effects of sleep extension in short sleepers.

Provides evidence on sleep extension effects on weight control. Examines how increasing sleep duration can impact obesity and cardiometabolic risks. Focuses on intervention studies, illustrating causal pathways from short sleep to health issues.

99.4%

2.7

2018

[44] Association of Sleep Duration and Obesity According to Gender and Age in Korean Adults: Results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2015 Keun-Hyok Cho, ..., and Dayeon Shin Journal of Korean Medical Science 2018 - 15 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Shows the link between sleep duration and obesity. Finds increased risk of obesity with ≤5 hours or ≥9 hours of sleep in adults 30-49. Notes gender and age variations in sleep-obesity association; less clear association in those ≥65 years.

99.4%

0.1

2012

[45] The link between sleep duration and obesity in children Gong Ben-xin The Journal of clinical Pediatrics 2012 - 1 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides empirical evidence linking sleep duration to obesity in children. Shows decreasing prevalence of obesity with increasing sleep duration among children aged 7 to 12. Utilizes questionnaires and physical measurements (height, weight, BMI) for data collection.

99.4%

0.0

2022

[46] The association between sleep duration and detailed measures of obesity: A cross sectional analysis in the ADDITION‐PRO study Mie M. Andersen, ..., and D. Witte Obesity Science & Practice 2022 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides empirical analysis on sleep duration's impact on obesity measures. Compares effects of sleep duration on BMI and waist circumference. Conducts a cross-sectional study in the context of the ADDITION-PRO dataset.

99.4%

0.4

2019

[47] Sleep Duration as an Indirect Link Between Sleep Timing and Weight in Midlife Women. Dana R. Schreiber and Natalie D Dautovich Journal of women's health 2019 - 2 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Examines sleep's role in weight control in midlife women. Identifies sleep duration as a mediator between sleep timing and weight outcomes. Utilizes actigraphy and sleep diaries for sleep measurement; focuses on BMI and waist circumference.

99.4%

None

[48] ' s report Title : Short sleep duration and obesity among Australian children Version : 1 Date : 22 June 2010 S. Patel Journal Not Provided None - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Investigates the link between sleep duration and child obesity. Uses parental reports to correlate short sleep with higher adiposity. Analysis involves children aged 5-15, results stratified by age group.

99.3%

1.0

2007

[49] [The association between sleep and obesity in Korean adults]. Y. Park, ..., and Young‐Moon Park Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi 2007 - 17 citations - Show abstract - Cite

99.3%

0.0

2008

[50] The ‘ Sleep Debt Study ’ : 6 days with 4-h bedtimes E. Cauter and K. Knutson Journal Not Provided 2008 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Reviews the impact of sleep curtailment on obesity risk. Highlights metabolic and hormonal changes due to sleep loss, affecting weight control. Discusses both laboratory and epidemiological evidence linking short sleep to obesity.

99.3%

1.7

2015

[51] The association between sleep patterns and overweight/obesity in Chinese children: a cross-sectional study Bin Zhang, ..., and Hui-rong Zheng Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2015 - 15 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Evaluates the association between sleep patterns and overweight/obesity in children. Finds overweight/obese children less likely to compensate for sleep deficits, with no weekday sleep duration effect noted. Utilizes a cross-sectional design with a large sample (3,086 children) in China, focusing on sleep's impact on weight control.

99.3%

4.1

2013

[52] Concomitant changes in sleep duration and body weight and body composition during weight loss and 3-mo weight maintenance. S. Verhoef, ..., and M. Westerterp-Plantenga The American journal of clinical nutrition 2013 - 45 citations - Show abstract - Cite

99.3%

0.0

2020

[53] Association between Sleep Duration and Overweight/Obesity risk among middle-school students: a cross-sectional study in Fuzhou, China Guobo Li, ..., and Siying Wu https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-30129/v1 2020 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides empirical data on sleep duration and overweight/obesity risk. Utilizes a generalized linear hybrid model on middle-school students from Fuzhou, China. Shows a significant association between short sleep duration (<6 hrs) and increased overweight/obesity odds.

99.2%

8.5

2011

[54] The association between short sleep duration and weight gain is dependent on disinhibited eating behavior in adults. J. Chaput, ..., and A. Tremblay Sleep 2011 - 108 citations - Show abstract - Cite

99.2%

0.1

2013

[55] Association between sleep duration and body-mass-index in 10-to 14-year-old Austrians Eva Wendt, ..., and S. Pölten Journal Not Provided 2013 - 1 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides empirical data on sleep duration and BMI in Austrians. Shows a correlation between insufficient sleep and obesity in children. Indicates a potential stronger obesity link with shortened sleep in boys.

99.2%

0.0

2014

[56] Working paper ser ies on health and demographic change in the Asia-Pacific The Effect of Sleep Duration on Body Weight in Adolescents : Evidence from a Natural Experiment Y. Do Journal Not Provided 2014 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

99.2%

1.3

2011

[57] La reducción del sueño como factor de riesgo para obesidad R. Chamorro, ..., and P. Peirano Revista Medica De Chile 2011 - 17 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides evidence linking sleep restriction to obesity. Summarizes epidemiologic and experimental studies on sleep's effect on hormones and appetite. Explores mechanisms like altered leptin/ghrelin levels and food preferences leading to weight gain.

99.2%

0.4

2017

[58] Abstract MP090: Sleep Duration Predict Incident Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence: Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies Michelle A. Miller, ..., and F. Cappuccio Circulation 2017 - 3 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Objectives: To assess the longitudinal evidence of a relationship between duration of sleep and both incidence of overweight and/or obesity and changes in body mass index in infants, children and adolescents. Methods: We performed a systematic search of publications using MEDLINE (1966-2016), EMBASE (from 1980), Web of Science (from 1945), the Cochrane Library and manual searches without language restrictions. Studies were included if they were prospective, had a follow up >1 year, had measured duration of sleep at baseline and assessed either incident cases of overweight and/or obesity or changes in body mass index prospectively. Relative risks (RR), regression coefficients (beta) and 95% C.I. were extracted and pooled using a random effect model. Sensitivity analyses and meta-regressions were performed, heterogeneity and publication bias were also assessed. Results: Overall, 41 studies provided 56 independent cohort samples, including 98,130 boys and girls aged 0-18 years (follow-up 1 to 27 years). Sleep duration was assessed by questionnaire, either to parents or to children, actigraphy or polysomnography. Body mass index (BMI) was measured in all participants. In the pooled analyses, short duration of sleep was associated with a greater risk of becoming overweight or obese (RR: 1.57; 95% CI 1.34, 1.85; p<10 -5 ; n=59,471). There was significant heterogeneity (I 2 =92%, p<0.001), accounted for by three studies (I 2 =3% after their removal) and evidence of publication bias (p=0.007). The effect size increased with age (infants 1.40 [1.19, 1.65]; early childhood 1.53 [1.33, 1.76]; middle childhood 2.23 [2.18, 2.27]; adolescence 1.30 [1.11, 1.53]; p for heterogeneity <10 -5 ). The effect was not associated with average length of follow-up (p=0.923) or quality (p=0.475). BMI decreased for every hour of increased sleep (pooled beta: -0.01; -0.03, 0.00 kg/m 2 per h, p=0.032; n=16,225). Conclusion: Short duration of sleep is a significant predictor of the development of overweight, obesity and weight gain from birth to adolescence.

Provides a meta-analysis on sleep duration and obesity in youth. Analyzes 41 studies, including 98,130 participants aged 0-18, assessing sleep and BMI changes. Sleep assessed by questionnaire, actigraphy, or polysomnography; focuses on longitudinal evidence.

99.2%

1.0

2011

[59] [Sleep deprivation as a risk factor for obesity]. R. Chamorro, ..., and P. Peirano Revista medica de Chile 2011 - 13 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides evidence linking sleep deprivation to obesity risk. Shows sleep restriction alters appetite/satiety hormones and increases energy-dense food preference. Summarizes epidemiologic and experimental findings on sleep and obesity mechanisms.

99.2%

10.3

2008

[60] Associations between sleep duration patterns and overweight/obesity at age 6. E. Touchette, ..., and J. Montplaisir Sleep 2008 - 160 citations - Show abstract - Cite

99.2%

8.4

2022

[61] Sleep Deprivation: Effects on Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance Evangelia I Papatriantafyllou, ..., and E. Vassilopoulou Nutrients 2022 - 18 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides findings from intervention studies on sleep deprivation and weight control. Discusses how disturbed sleep patterns influence energy intake and weight loss efforts. Explores sleep's role in weight loss maintenance and overall health improvement.

99.2%

0.0

2022

[62] The Relationship Between Sleep Duration and Obesity in Children and Adolescents in Asia: A Meta-Analysis Nurul Ramadhayani and Feranita Utama Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat 2022 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Conducts a meta-analysis on sleep and obesity in Asian youth. Focuses on observational studies linking short sleep duration to obesity. Limits scope to children and adolescents in the Asian region.

99.1%

3.0

2015

[63] Does Short Sleep Lead to Obesity Among Children and Adolescents? Current Understanding and Implications H. Thind, ..., and M. Baskin American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 2015 - 26 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Reviews relationship between sleep duration and obesity in youth. Analyzes 22 longitudinal studies, finding mostly an inverse connection. Calls for further research with objective measures and controls.

99.1%

26.8

2008

[64] Sleep and the epidemic of obesity in children and adults E. van Cauter and K. Knutson European Journal of Endocrinology 2008 - 415 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides evidence linking sleep curtailment to obesity risk. Discusses metabolic and endocrine changes due to lack of sleep, including impacts on hormones regulating hunger. Reviews epidemiological studies associating short sleep with increased BMI and obesity in children and young adults.

99.1%

0.1

2012

[65] [The relationship between sleep and obesity: current perspective]. Zlata Piskáčková, ..., and Lucie Martykánová Casopis lekaru ceskych 2012 - 1 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Examines the relationship between sleep duration and obesity. Highlights that less than 6 hours of sleep significantly increases obesity risk. Discusses the bidirectional association and causal links, though not fully elucidated.

99.1%

1.1

2015

[66] [Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies about sleep duration and risk of weight gain and obesity in adults]. Shuang Zhang, ..., and Kexin Chen Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi = Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi 2015 - 10 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides a meta-analysis on sleep duration and weight gain/obesity. Shows both short and long sleep durations increase weight gain risk; short durations also elevate obesity risk. Involves 285,452 adults, highlighting stronger associations in higher-quality studies.

99.1%

1.4

2022

[67] Associations between sleep and overweight/obesity in adolescents vary by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Xiaopeng Ji, ..., and Janeese A. Brownlow Journal of advanced nursing 2022 - 2 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: AIM To examine the interaction between sleep and social determinants of health (SDOH) [race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES)] on overweight/obesity in adolescents. DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis using the 2017-2018 National Survey of Children's Health data. We included adolescents (10-17 years old) who had sleep and body mass index (BMI) data available (n = 24,337) in analyses (samples with BMI <5th percentile excluded). Parents reported children's sleep duration and regularity. High BMI (≥85th percentile) for age defines overweight/obesity. We selected SDOH (race/ethnicity, family income, primary caregiver education and neighbourhood condition) and covariates (age, sex, smoking, exercise and depression) using a hierarchical model-building approach. Accounting for complex survey design, logistic regression estimated the interaction between sleep and SDOH. RESULTS There were significant interactions between sleep duration and SDOH. The association between increasing sleep and decreasing odds of overweight/obesity only showed in the following subgroups: White, family income ≥400% federal poverty level (FPL) or primary caregiver' education ≥ high school. Compared with these subgroups, Hispanic adolescents and adolescents whose family income was below 100% FPL and whose caregiver education was below high school had weakened and reversed associations. Sleep regularity was not associated with overweight/obesity. CONCLUSIONS Increasing sleep duration was associated with a decreased risk of overweight/obesity, but the association was not present in adolescents from racial/ethnic minority groups (i.e. Hispanic) and those with low SES. IMPACT The study findings suggest that associations between sleep and overweight/obesity vary by race and SES. Identification of additional mechanisms for obesity is needed for racial/ethnic minority groups and those from families with low SES. Also, the complexity of these relationships underscores the importance of community-based needs assessment in the design of targeted and meaningful interventions to address complex health conditions such as poor sleep and obesity.

Investigates sleep duration's impact on adolescent overweight/obesity risk. Finds reduced overweight/obesity risk with increased sleep, varying by race/SES. Highlights need for race and SES-specific obesity mechanisms and interventions.

99.0%

5.2

2022

[68] Insufficient sleep and obesity: cause or consequence J. Broussard and S. Klein Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2022 - 9 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Reviews link between insufficient sleep and obesity risk. Epidemiological and clinical studies indicate sleep restriction increases hunger, appetite, and body weight. Lacks long-term studies on sleep restriction's effect on obesity; few studies include obese individuals.

99.0%

16.7

2015

[69] A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials of the impact of sleep duration on adiposity and components of energy balance P. L. Capers, ..., and David B. Allison Obesity Reviews 2015 - 146 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides a meta-analysis on sleep duration and adiposity. Analyzes 18 studies on how sleep affects body weight/composition and eating. Suggests sleep restriction increases food intake and energy expenditure.

99.0%

0.0

2017

[70] Sleep and Obesity in Childhood Ji-Eun Lee Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome 2017 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Sleep deprivation in adults has been recognized as one of the key risk factors for the development of complications related to obesity and metabolic syndrome. Indeed, numerous observational studies have demonstrated an inverse association between the duration of sleep time and obesity in adulthood.1,2 Many studies have indicated that childhood obesity is also related to short sleep duration3, although there have been a number of dissenting reports in this regard.4 However, most systematic reviews have suggested that there is a relationship between short sleep time and the high prevalence of obesity in childhood.5,6 For instance, a large meta-analysis of 11 longitudinal studies showed that the risk of obesity in a pediatric group was 2.15 times higher in children with shortened sleep duration compared to children without short sleep duration.7 Appropriate sleep in childhood is known to have a lasting beneficial impact into adulthood, although the role of sleep during childhood is quite complicated. This is due to the various changes in sleep time duration and sleep behavior associated with both changes in growth and changes in lifestyle during childhood; thus, short sleep durations are predicted to affect different lifecycle stages in different ways. The adolescent period is associated with a higher risk of obesity compared to the pediatric period. Further, obese adolescents with short sleep durations are more likely to be associated with biological and lifestyle-related changes.6 Sleep curtailment can also lead to reduced physical activity, daytime sleepiness, and increased food intake.8 Sleep deprivation in childhood may therefore be considered to be a significant predictor of obesity and behavioral sleep interventions can provide one way to reduce the risk of obesity. In Korea, 75.3% of adolescents have reported experiencing sleep deprivation, and the rate of sleep curtailment has been shown to gradually increase with age.9 The prevalence of overweight risk has been reported to be higher in a group that had less than eight hours of sleep compared to a group who had more than eight hours of sleep.10 Energy homeostasis is the result of a combination of biological factors (i.e., circadian rhythms and sleep-wake homeostasis) and environmental factors (i.e., diet and physical activity). In the past few years, numerous studies have been conducted on the relationship between sleep-wake cycle regulation and metabolic function11 and recent studies have also been conducted on the sleep dimensions associated with childhood obesity. Beyond sleep duration, sleeping timing patterns can also serve to increase obesity risk.12 Although shifted sleep schedules and evening chronotypes have recently been found to be linked to adiposity in adults, related studies in children are remain rare. One study found that Korean middle school students who experienced socalled “social jet lag” tended to be more obese than elementary

99.0%

0.1

2013

[71] Partial sleep deprivation and food intake in men L. Brondel and D. Davenne https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-763-9_6 2013 - 1 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Shows evidence of increased food intake due to sleep deprivation. Examines how acute sleep deprivation in humans relates to elevated food consumption, hinting at obesity links. Reviews metabolic effects of sleep deprivation and suggests melatonin and seasonal variations’ roles in this process.

99.0%

0.0

2023

[72] Hubungan antara durasi tidur dengan kejadian obesitas pada anak: sebuah tinjauan sistematis Peter Prayogo Hsieh, ..., and Gusti Lanang Sidiartha Intisari Sains Medis 2023 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides a systematic review on sleep duration and obesity in children. Examines empirical evidence from cross-sectional, prospective, and clinical trials. Confirms a strong link between short sleep duration and increased obesity risk due to hormonal imbalance affecting appetite.

99.0%

0.6

2022

[73] Characteristic Sleep Patterns and Associated Obesity in Adolescents A. Kwon, ..., and Ho-Seong Kim Life 2022 - 1 citations - Show abstract - Cite

99.0%

1.0

2023

[74] Sleep duration and its association with adiposity markers in adolescence: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. J. Martínez-Gómez, ..., and R. Fernández-Jiménez European journal of preventive cardiology 2023 - 1 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides empirical data on sleep duration and adiposity in adolescents. Analyzes sleep duration’s cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with adiposity markers. Utilizes a cohort study with accelerometry to measure sleep objectively.

99.0%

11.4

2013

[75] Sleep Duration and Adolescent Obesity Jonathan A. Mitchell, ..., and J. Audrain-McGovern Pediatrics 2013 - 126 citations - Show abstract - Cite

99.0%

2.3

2009

[76] Association between duration of the sleep and body weight. Adámková, ..., and M. Velemínský Physiological research 2009 - 35 citations - Show abstract - Cite

98.9%

0.0

2010

[77] Sleep duration and risk of obesity among Filipino women J. Borja and L. Adair The FASEB Journal 2010 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

98.9%

3.9

2009

[78] Sleep duration and obesity in children: is the association dependent on age and choice of the outcome parameter? O. Bayer, ..., and R. von Kries Sleep 2009 - 57 citations - Show abstract - Cite

98.9%

0.0

2023

[79] Effects of Early Wake-Up Time on Obesity in Adolescents. A. Kwon, ..., and H. Kim Childhood obesity 2023 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

98.9%

1.0

2019

[80] Sleep Duration and Risk of Obesity by Sex: Nine-Year Follow-Up of the Young Lives Study in Peru. Sofía I Mercado-Gonzales, ..., and A. Bernabé-Ortiz Childhood obesity 2019 - 5 citations - Show abstract - Cite

98.8%

3.7

2017

[81] Longer sleep is associated with lower BMI and favorable metabolic profiles in UK adults: Findings from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Gregory D M Potter, ..., and L. Hardie PLoS ONE 2017 - 25 citations - Show abstract - Cite

98.8%

1.0

2013

[82] Sleep restriction in adolescents: forging the path towards obesity and diabetes? M. St-Onge and A. Shechter Sleep 2013 - 11 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: 813 Editorial—St-Onge and Shechter There is mounting epidemiological data linking short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults.1-4 Although not defining cause, these studies have raised questions that are beginning to be answered, albeit mostly in adults. Moderate (2 h per night) and severe (up to 4 h per night) sleep restriction in adults have been found to affect both food intake and appetite. Our laboratory5 and others6,7 have reported that restricting sleep in normal sleepers increases food intake, mostly by increasing intake of snacks7 and fat.5 However, despite clearer associations between short sleep duration and obesity in the pediatric than the adult epidemiological literature,4 there is little clinical evidence for a causal effect in children. To our knowledge, only one intervention study has assessed the impact of sleep restriction on energy balance in adolescents.8 That study, conducted in 15to 19-year-old boys, tested the effects of 3 nights of 4-h (i.e., restricted sleep) compared to 9-h bedtimes (i.e., longer sleep) on energy expenditure and energy intake. The results showed greater energy expenditure and lower energy intake at a test meal during restricted sleep relative to healthy sleep, contrary to the authors’ hypotheses. Although this was a well-designed study, it may have failed to provide accurate information on the impact of sleep restriction on energy balance due to the limited extent of the sleep restriction, lack of ad libitum access to food and physical activity data, and restriction of assessments to only adolescent males. In this issue of SLEEP, Beebe and colleagues9 are to be commended for providing much needed information on the impact of sleep restriction, to an extent similar to what happens on school nights, in both adolescent boys and girls. They conducted a study with an innovative design in an attempt to reproduce real-life situations: teens spent 6.5 or 10 h time in bed (TIB) Monday through Friday, with free sleep times on weekend nights, in a crossover design. During the 5 controlled sleep nights, wake-up times were held constant between sleep conditions. This resulted in 6.3 h and 8.9 h of sleep under restricted sleep and unrestricted sleep, respectively, similar to the self-reported sleep times of 9.3 h on non-school nights and 7.1 h on school nights. In the restricted sleep condition, food intake, assessed by a single 24-h recall, tended to be higher than in the 10-h TIB sleep condition, which we speculate was accounted for by a greater intake of sweets and desserts. EDITORIAL

98.8%

4.5

2019

[83] Association of Sleep Duration with Weight Gain and General and Central Obesity Risk in Chinese Adults: A Prospective Study Xuejuan Ning, ..., and Liming Li Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2019 - 20 citations - Show abstract - Cite

98.8%

3.5

2011

[84] Association Between Short Sleep Duration and Obesity Among South Korean Adolescents Sunhee Park Western Journal of Nursing Research 2011 - 46 citations - Show abstract - Cite

98.8%

12.1

2013

[85] A large prospective investigation of sleep duration, weight change, and obesity in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study cohort. Qian Xiao, ..., and C. Matthews American journal of epidemiology 2013 - 127 citations - Show abstract - Cite

98.8%

0.6

2014

[86] Sleep Duration and Weight Gain: Reconsideration by Panel Data Analysis C. Nishiura and H. Hashimoto Journal of Epidemiology 2014 - 6 citations - Show abstract - Cite

98.8%

4.3

2017

[87] Association between sleep duration, fat mass, lean mass and obesity in Korean adults: the fourth and fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys Kyuwoong Kim, ..., and Sang Min Park Journal of Sleep Research 2017 - 31 citations - Show abstract - Cite

98.8%

0.4

2019

[88] Sleep Disorders and Obesity in Childhood: A New Component in Solving Obesity. M. Atar, ..., and A. Buyukgebiz Pediatric endocrinology reviews : PER 2019 - 2 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Shows correlation between sleep disorders, obesity in children. Indicates short sleep duration affects body weight and insulin sensitivity. Suggests further research on sleep's role in obesity treatment is needed.

98.7%

21.4

2017

[89] Sleep–obesity relation: underlying mechanisms and consequences for treatment M. St-Onge Obesity Reviews 2017 - 156 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides an overview of clinical intervention studies on sleep and weight. Discusses how sleep restriction affects energy intake, expenditure, and body weight. Highlights sleep's role in weight management and public health implications.

98.7%

42.1

2018

[90] Sleep duration and incidence of obesity in infants, children, and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies Michelle A. Miller, ..., and F. Cappuccio SLEEP 2018 - 258 citations - Show abstract - Cite

98.7%

0.2

2018

[91] Association of sleep duration and obesity according to sex and age in Korean adults: results from the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2007-2015 Mi Young Lee, ..., and M. Shin https://doi.org/10.1530/ENDOABS.56.P543 2018 - 1 citations - Show abstract - Cite

98.7%

0.0

2016

[92] Is long sleep duratıon a new r isk factor for obesity ? Yavuz Furuncuoğlu, ..., and Ş. Aras Journal Not Provided 2016 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Examines the role of long sleep duration in obesity. Found a significant correlation between obesity and those sleeping over 8 hours. Investigates across various age and obesity groups, considering sleep quality.

98.7%

0.0

2020

[93] Association between short sleep duration and overweight/obesity among middle-school students: a cross-sectional study in Fuzhou, China Guobo Li, ..., and Siying Wu https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-30129/v2 2020 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

98.6%

2.2

2019

[94] Sleep and body mass index in infancy and early childhood (6‐36 mo): a longitudinal study Lu Wang, ..., and H. Raat Pediatric Obesity 2019 - 12 citations - Show abstract - Cite

98.6%

20.2

2020

[95] Sleep and obesity among children: A systematic review of multiple sleep dimensions B. Morrissey, ..., and Claudia Strugnell Pediatric Obesity 2020 - 86 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides a systematic review on sleep and obesity in children. Focuses on sleep duration's inverse relationship with weight status. Highlights the need for more research on other sleep dimensions.

98.6%

0.0

2014

[96] The impact of weight gain and obesity on development of sleep problems in a population-based sample A. Palm, ..., and E. Lindberg European Respiratory Journal 2014 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

98.6%

0.3

2020

[97] 0176 Short Sleep Duration and Poor Sleep Quality Predict Blunted Weight Loss in a Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention C. Kline, ..., and E. Barinas-Mitchell Sleep 2020 - 1 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Short sleep duration and poor sleep quality have each been associated with obesity and weight gain. However, less is known regarding how sleep may impact attempted weight loss. The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between sleep duration and sleep quality, both independently and in combination, with weight loss in a 12-month behavioral weight loss intervention. Young to middle-aged adults who were overweight or obese (N=296) completed a 12-month behavioral weight loss intervention, with weight assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Sleep duration and quality were derived from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Analyses examined the change in sleep over time and the association between baseline sleep and changes in sleep with 6- and 12-month weight loss following adjustment for relevant covariates including age, gender, race, education, baseline body mass index, and baseline risk for sleep apnea. Participants (with an average baseline weight of 97.0±1.0 kg) lost 6.6±1.1 kg (6.8%) and 6.7±1.2 kg (6.9%) at 6 and 12 months relative to baseline, respectively. Global sleep quality significantly improved over the 12-month intervention (P=.03), but average sleep duration and the prevalence of short sleep duration (<6 h) or poor sleep quality did not change significantly (each P≥.45). Adults with short sleep duration at baseline lost 3.3±0.9% less weight than those with ≥6 h sleep duration (P<.001). Adults with poor sleep quality at baseline lost 1.6±0.8% less weight than those with good sleep quality (P=.04). When considered together, adults with both short sleep duration and poor sleep quality lost at least 5.0% less weight compared with all other sleep duration/quality group combinations (P<.001). Our findings highlight the importance of both sleep duration and sleep quality as predictors of behavioral weight loss and suggest that screening for sleep disturbance may be useful to determine who may benefit from additional counseling and resources. R01HL077525, K23HL118318

98.5%

27.1

2012

[98] Longitudinal associations between sleep duration and subsequent weight gain: a systematic review. Lorrie Magee and L. Hale Sleep medicine reviews 2012 - 324 citations - Show abstract - Cite

98.5%

0.6

2021

[99] Sleep duration and risk of obesity: A genome and epidemiological study Hye Kim, ..., and Kyung-Sik Yoon https://doi.org/10.3892/WASJ.2021.91 2021 - 2 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Obesity is one of the risk factors for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Although numerous epidemiological studies have reported a possible causal association between sleep duration and the risk of obesity, evidence for an associa‐ tion in adults remains unclear. Accordingly, the present study aimed to evaluate the association between sleep duration and the risk of obesity in an adult group. To this end, 5,719 adults (2,876 males and 2,843 females) who participated in a genome and epidemiology study, were analyzed. Data were obtained on sleep duration, body mass index (BMI) and other demographic data including age, sex, waist circumference, alcohol consumption and smoking status. The association between sleep duration and obesity was investigated using a Chi‐squared test or logistic regression analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that a short sleep duration (≤6 h) was significantly associated with obesity after adjus‐ ting for various confounding factors (OR, 1.446; 95% CI, 1.254‐1.667; P<0.0001). Strong associations between a short sleep duration (≤6 h) and obesity were identified in males (OR, 1.567; 95% CI, 1.258‐1.953; P<0.0001) and the early midlife group (OR, 1.584; 95% CI, 1.320‐1.902; P<0.0001). Furthermore, the risk of obesity significantly increased with a short sleep duration (≤6 h) in participants without hyperten‐ sion (OR, 1.534; 95% CI, 1.263‐1.863; P<0.0001) or diabetes (OR, 1.473; 95% CI, 1.272‐1.705; P<0.0001). A short sleep duration was positively related to a high prevalence of obesity, and this association varied with sex, age, and the presence of metabolic disease. On the whole, the findings of the present study provide evidence that sleep duration can affect obesity. Introduction Obesity is a major public health concern worldwide and is related to a number of health consequences, including hyper‐ tension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease and cancer (1,2). Obesity rates have markedly increased in recent years. The number of obese individuals worldwide was estimated at 500 million in 2005, and this number is expected to increase steadily to approximately 1.1 billion by 2030 (3). The prevalence of obesity among the Korean population has also been reported to have increased from 27% in 1998 to 32% in 2011 (4). Consequently, changing one's lifestyle factors is crucial to preventing or reducing the burden of obesity. Disorders of sleep, an essential component of lifestyle, are associated with metabolic dysfunctions, which can lead to the progression of obesity (5). To date, studies have largely suggested that several hormones are involved in the regulation that occurs between sleep and body mass index (BMI) (6‐8). Some researchers have also observed that sleep restriction increased food intake and that poor sleep could exert negative effects on maintaining nervous, endocrine and cardiovas‐ cular health (9). Moreover, recent epidemiological surveys have investigated the association between sleep time and the prevalence of obesity (10‐12) as the hours of sleep represent the most essential measure of sleep. However, the overall findings remain unclear, as studies have shown associations that presented as an inverted bell‐shaped (13), were negatively linear (14‐16), or exhibited no correlation (17). Furthermore, these previous studies were mostly conducted in the United States (18), Europe (19), China (11,20) and Japan (21,22), with few studies conducted in Korea (23). Therefore, using the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) data, the present study examined the associa‐ tion between sleep duration and the probability of obesity in Korean adults and investigated age‐ and sex‐specific differ‐ ences. In addition, at the reference time point, the effects of sleep on the risk of obesity were investigated, depending upon whether the participants had hypertension or diabetes. Patients and methods Study participants and design. The study dataset was obtained from the KoGES. The KoGES is an ongoing prospective cohort study that was initiated in 2001 to assess the risk and Sleep duration and risk of obesity: A genome and epidemiological study HYE OK KIM1, INSUG KANG1, WONCHAE CHOE1 and KYUNG‐SIK YOON1,2 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University; 2Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea Received November 5, 2020; Accepted February 4, 2021 DOI: 10.3892/wasj.2021.91 Correspondence to: Professor Kyung‐Sik Yoon, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae‐ro, Dongdaemun‐gu, Seoul 02447,

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2016

[100] Sleep Duration and Overweight/Obesity in Preschool-Aged Children: A Prospective Study of up to 48,922 Children of the Jiaxing Birth Cohort. Fenglei Wang, ..., and Duo Li Sleep 2016 - 54 citations - Show abstract - Cite

98.5%

11.4

2020

[101] Systematic review and meta‐analyses of the relationship between short sleep and incidence of obesity and effectiveness of sleep interventions on weight gain in preschool children Michelle A. Miller, ..., and F. Cappuccio Obesity Reviews 2020 - 43 citations - Show abstract - Cite

98.4%

3.7

2008

[102] Relationship of Sleep Parameters, Child Psychological Functioning, and Parenting Stress to Obesity Status Among Preadolescent Children C. Ievers-Landis, ..., and S. Redline Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 2008 - 59 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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116.9

2004

[103] Brief Communication: Sleep Curtailment in Healthy Young Men Is Associated with Decreased Leptin Levels, Elevated Ghrelin Levels, and Increased Hunger and Appetite K. Spiegel, ..., and E. Cauter Annals of Internal Medicine 2004 - 2274 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Context Studies in animals and humans suggest that sleep duration is an important regulator of metabolism. Contribution In this study, 12 young, healthy, normal-weight men exhibited reductions in the satiety hormone leptin, increases in the hunger hormone ghrelin, and increases in hunger after 2 nights of only 4 hours of sleep compared with after 2 nights of 10 hours of sleep. Implications Inadequate sleep seems to influence the hormones that regulate satiety and hunger in a way that could promote excess eating. The Editors Sleep plays an important role in energy balance. In rodents, food shortage or starvation results in decreased sleep (1), and, conversely, total sleep deprivation leads to marked hyperphagia (2). Leptin and ghrelin are peripheral signals that contribute to the central regulation of food intake. Leptin, a hormone released by the adipocytes, provides information about energy status to hypothalamic regulatory centers (3). In humans, circulating leptin levels rapidly decrease or increase in response to acute caloric shortage or surplus, respectively (4). These changes in leptin levels have been associated with reciprocal changes in hunger (4). Ghrelin, a peptide produced predominantly by the stomach, is also involved in energy balance regulation, but, in contrast to the anorexigenic effects of leptin, ghrelin stimulates appetite (5). It has been proposed that leptin and ghrelin represent the yinyang of one regulatory system that has developed to inform the brain about the current energy balance state (6). Over the past 40 years, sleep duration in the U.S. population has decreased by 1 to 2 hours (7-10). The proportion of young adults sleeping fewer than 7 hours per night has more than doubled between 1960 and 20012002 (from 15.6% to 37.1%) (7-10). The effect of sleep curtailment on the control of appetite and food intake is not known. Because of the well-documented associations between sleep and food intake (1, 2), we sought to determine whether sleep duration influences the daytime profiles of leptin and ghrelin. Methods Participants Twelve healthy men(mean age [SD], 22 2 years]; mean body mass index [SD], 23.6 2.0 kg/m2) who did not smoke or take any medications participated in the study. All of the men were within 10% of ideal body weight and had regular nocturnal time in bed of 7 to 9 hours. We excluded persons who had traveled across time zones less than 4 weeks before the study. Experimental Protocol The Institutional Review Board of the University of Chicago approved the protocol, and we obtained written informed consent from all participants. During the week preceding each study, we asked participants not to deviate from a fixed time in bed (11:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.) by more than 30 minutes. Naps were not allowed. The men participated in 2 studies that were conducted in a randomized order, were spaced at least 6 weeks apart, and were performed in the Clinical Research Center at the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Six of the 12 men first performed the study with restricted time in bed, and the remaining 6 men first performed the study with extended time in bed. Average weight did not change over the time period separating the 2 study conditions (75.2 kg in the sleep restriction condition vs. 75.4 kg in the sleep extension condition; P> 0.2). We obtained blood samples at 20-minute intervals from 8:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. after 2 consecutive nights of 10 hours in bed (10:00 p.m. to 8:00 a.m.; sleep extension) and after 2 consecutive nights of 4 hours in bed (1:00 a.m. to 5:00 a.m.; sleep restriction). Sleep was recorded every night. For both extension and restriction conditions, each overnight stay began at 7:00 p.m. with a standard hospital dinner, and the first overnight stay ended after breakfast, which was served at 8:00 a.m. We instructed the participants not to deviate from their usual eating habits between breakfast and dinner, but caloric intake was not otherwise monitored. Participants were readmitted in the early evening and, after receiving a standard hospital dinner at 7:00 p.m., remained at bed rest. At 8:00 a.m. after the second night, the participants' caloric intake was kept constant to avoid meal-related fluctuations of hunger and satiety and consisted of an intravenous glucose infusion at a constant rate of 5 g/kg of body weight every 24 hours. There was no other source of calories. Every hour from 9:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m., the men completed validated visual analogue scales (0 to 10 cm) for hunger (11) and appetite for various food categories (12). To assess hunger, we asked participants to mark their response to the question How hungry do you feel right now? on a 10-cm scale (with not at all hungry on the left and extremely hungry on the right). To assess appetite, we asked participants to mark their response to how much they would enjoy eating foods from 7 different food categories on a 10-cm scale (with not at all on the left and very much on the right). They were asked to provide a score based only on their appetite at the moment, without concern for calories, fat, or a healthy diet. The food categories were sweets (such as cake, candy, cookies, ice cream, and pastry); salty foods (such as chips, salted nuts, pickles, and olives); starchy foods (such as bread, pasta, cereal, and potatoes); fruits and fruit juices; vegetables; meat, poultry, fish, and eggs; and dairy products (such as milk, cheese, and yogurt). Assays We measured serum leptin levels in all samples by using a human leptin radioimmunoassay kit (Linco Research, St. Charles, Missouri) with a sensitivity of 0.5 ng/mL and an intra-assay coefficient of variation of 8.3%. In 9 of the 12 participants, we also measured total ghrelin levels at hourly intervals by radioimmunoassay (Linco Research) with a sensitivity of 0.5 ng/mL and an intra-assay coefficient of variation of 7.9%. Statistical Analysis We performed paired comparisons by using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. We calculated correlations by using the Spearman coefficient. The mean relative changes in leptin, ghrelin, hunger, and appetite between extended sleep (the reference category) and restricted sleep were calculated by using the ratios of the corresponding individual data and then deriving the mean across all individuals. Role of the Funding Sources This work was partially supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, the European Sleep Research Society, the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique Mdicale, the University of Chicago Diabetes Research and Training Grant, and The University of Chicago General Clinical Research Center. The funding sources had no role in the design, conduct, and reporting of the study or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Results Leptin levels were stable across the daytime period under both sleep conditions, which was consistent with the fact that calories were exclusively delivered in the form of a constant glucose infusion. Average total sleep time was 9 hours and 8 minutes when the men spent 10 hours in bed and 3 hours and 53 minutes when the men spent 4 hours in bed (P< 0.01). When spending 4 hours in bed, the participants had mean leptin levels that were 18% lower (2.1 ng/mL vs. 2.6 ng/mL; P= 0.04) (Figure 1, part A) and mean ghrelin levels that were 28% higher (3.3 ng/mL vs. 2.6 ng/mL; P= 0.04) (Figure 1, part B) than when the participants spent 10 hours in bed. The ratio of the concentrations of orexigenic ghrelin to anorexigenic leptin increased by 71% (CI, 7% to 135%) with 4 hours in bed compared with 10 hours in bed. Sleep restriction relative to sleep extension was associated with a 24% increase in hunger ratings on the 10-cm visual analogue scale (P< 0.01) and a 23% increase in appetite ratings for all food categories combined (P= 0.01) (Figure 1, parts C and D, and Table 1). The increase in appetite tended to be greatest for calorie-dense foods with high carbohydrate content (sweets, salty foods, and starchy foods: increase, 33% to 45%; P= 0.06) (Table 1). The increase in appetite for fruits and vegetables was less consistent and of lesser magnitude (increase, 17% to 21%) (Table 1). Appetite for protein-rich nutrients (meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy foods) was not significantly affected by sleep duration (Table 1). When we considered the changes in ghrelin and leptin in an integrated fashion by calculating the ghrelin-to-leptin ratio, the increase in hunger was proportional to the increase in ghrelin-to-leptin ratio (r= 0.87) (Figure 2). Almost 70% of the variance in increased hunger could be accounted for by the increase in the ghrelin-to-leptin ratio. Figure 1. Effect of sleep duration on daytime leptin levels, ghrelin levels, hunger, and appetite. A. B. C D C D Table. Average Ratings of Appetite after 2 Days of Sleep Restriction or Sleep Extension Figure 2. Association between the change in hunger ratings and the change in ghrelin-to-leptin ratio during the 12:00 noon to 9:00 p.m. time period when sleep is restricted as compared with extended. P Discussion We observed that sleep duration may affect the circulating levels of neuroendocrine factors that regulate hunger and appetite. Two days with 4 hours of time in bed each night were associated with an 18% decrease in the levels of the anorexigenic hormone leptin. By comparison, 3 days of underfeeding by approximately 900 calories per day in healthy lean volunteers has been reported to result in a decrease of leptin levels averaging 22% (4). Sleep curtailment was also associated with an almost 28% increase in daytime levels of the orexigenic factor ghrelin. The reciprocal changes in leptin and ghrelin that we observed in response to sleep restriction were associated with a 24% increase in hunger and a 23% increase in appetite. Appetite for calorie-dense nutrients with high carbohydrate content, including sweets, salty snacks, and starchy foods, increased by 33% to 45%. In contrast, appetite

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2010

[104] Short sleep duration and obesity among Zumin Shi, ..., and James Martin Journal Not Provided 2010 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

98.2%

34.4

2011

[105] Sleep and obesity G. Beccuti and S. Pannain Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 2011 - 443 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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2018

[106] Abstract P344: Sleep Duration and Obesity: Impact of Demographics, Socioeconomic Status, Health Behaviors, and Health Status M. Grandner Circulation 2018 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Investigates the sleep duration-obesity relationship across demographics. Explores if demographics, socioeconomic status, and health behaviors affect this relationship. Indicates a multidimensional approach to understanding sleep’s impact on weight.

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0.2

2007

[107] The Interactions Between Sleep , Metabolism , and Obesity S. Taheri Journal Not Provided 2007 - 4 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: 20 The precise physiological functions of sleep remain to be determined, but it is increasingly being recognized that sleep plays a significant role in maintaining our physical and psychological well-being [1]. This is because several large epidemiological studies have identified important contributions of sleep to various health outcomes and mortality. Simultaneously, there has been a shift in sleep research from concentrating on the brain and neurocognitive effects of sleep loss to investigating the impact of sleep on other organs and on global physiology. This has been accompanied by more “real-life” experimental paradigms aiming to unravel the mechanisms involved, i.e. studies on the effects of chronic partial sleep loss instead of acute total sleep deprivation. In addition, there is now substantial interest in determining the characteristics of individuals who lie at the extremes of sleep duration: the “short” and “long” sleepers [2]. These simultaneous advances in sleep research have highlighted the possibility that alterations in sleep duration could result in metabolic changes that may contribute to the development of obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease [3–24]. The objective of this review is to examine the evidence for an interaction between sleep duration and obesity and to discuss the potential metabolic mechanisms involved. The burden of obesity Obesity is a global public health problem [25]. A recent report from the World Health Organization estimated that, in 2005, >1 billion people worldwide were overweight and >300 million were obese [26]. The report forecasts that the number of overweight individuals will reach 1.5 billion by 2015. In the US and other western countries, obesity is expected to become the most common preventable cause of death [27]. Most alarming has been a dramatic rise in the number of children who fit the criteria necessary for the diagnosis of obesity, not least because childhood obesity tracks into adulthood [28]. Data from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in the US show that the prevalence of children aged 6–19 years old who were considered to be overweight increased from 4–5% in 1963–1970 to 15% in 1999–2000 [29]. Major contributors to the morbidity and mortality associated with obesity include concomitant insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, sleep-disordered breathing, and cardiovascular disease [25]. Although there is a strong genetic contribution to obesity, it is believed that the current obesity pandemic is largely driven by environmental factors that alter the balance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Unfortunately, current interventions aimed at altering food selection (with different diets encouraging alterations in different macronutrients) and calorie intake (e.g. smaller portions), and increasing physical activity, have not resulted in long-term weight loss and maintenance. This is because our understanding of factors that influence individuals to choose and over-consume The Interactions Between Sleep, Metabolism, and Obesity

Examines the link between sleep duration and obesity. Reviews evidence on metabolic changes due to altered sleep, potentially leading to obesity. Focuses on chronic partial sleep loss impacts, not acute deprivation.

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2015

[108] Sleep duration and obesity in children and adolescents L. Hon Chinese Journal of School Health 2015 - 2 citations - Show abstract - Cite

98.2%

3.4

2015

[109] Cumulative exposure to short sleep and body mass outcomes: a prospective study Patrick M. Krueger, ..., and L. Hale Journal of Sleep Research 2015 - 29 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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2009

[110] Invited Commentary Invited Commentary : Understanding the Role of Sleep S. Patel Journal Not Provided 2009 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Presents first longitudinal analysis on sleep duration and weight change. Uses objective measures, finding no substantial evidence linking sleep time to weight regulation. Suggests further research into sleep quality and its metabolic significance for weight homeostasis.

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0.3

2009

[111] Invited Commentary: understanding the role of sleep. S. Patel American journal of epidemiology 2009 - 5 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides a longitudinal analysis on sleep duration and weight change. Uses objective sleep assessment, finding no association with weight regulation. Suggests exploring sleep quality and deeper sleep stages for future metabolic studies.

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4.5

2021

[112] Is self-reported short sleep duration associated with obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Kisian C Guimarães, ..., and C. A. Crispim Nutrition reviews 2021 - 12 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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2017

[113] The Association between Sleep Duration and Overweight in a School-Age Population in Seoul S. Shin Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome 2017 - 2 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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13.4

2017

[114] Diet and Sleep Physiology: Public Health and Clinical Implications S. Frank, ..., and J. Mattei Frontiers in Neurology 2017 - 91 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Explores the relationship between diet, sleep, and weight outcomes. Highlights how extremes of sleep duration impact hormonal levels and weight regulation. Suggests sleep and nutrition interactions have broad health implications, including obesity.

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2009

[115] A GROWING BODY OF EVIDENCE THAT SLEEP DURA- TION AFFECTS WEIGHT STATUS IN CHILDREN HAS O. Bayer, ..., and R. Kries Journal Not Provided 2009 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Summarizes evidence on sleep duration and childhood weight status. Reports a 9% decrease in overweight/obesity risk with longer sleep. Highlights variability and lack of systematic assessment by age in studies.

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3.1

2018

[116] Insufficient Sleep Duration and Overweight/Obesity among Adolescents in a Chinese Population Q. Gong, ..., and Guozhang Xu International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018 - 19 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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4.9

2014

[117] The Role of Sleep in the Control of Food Intake A. Shechter, ..., and M. St-Onge American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 2014 - 47 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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2023

[118] The relationship between sleep quantity, sleep quality and weight loss in adults: A scoping review. Adam P Knowlden, ..., and J. Allegrante Clinical obesity 2023 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides a scoping review on sleep and weight loss interventions. Assesses the relationship between sleep quantity/quality and adult weight loss. Searches six databases for behavioral interventions, focusing on non-clinical adults.

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1.4

2011

[119] Short sleep duration as a cause of obesity: myth or reality? Chaput Jp Obesity Reviews 2011 - 18 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: The evidence that short sleep duration is a determinant of obesity is accumulating (1–3). Prospective cohort studies have repeatedly shown that short sleep duration is associated with weight gain and an increased incidence of obesity in children and adults. Intervention studies have provided a mechanistic explanation, i.e. that sleep restriction impacts hormonal regulation of appetite. Ongoing research is assessing whether sleep extension in sleep deprived obese individuals can influence appetite control and/or reduce body fat (4). Given that chronic sleep restriction is highly tied to the modern way of living, studies aiming to investigate the possible causal association between short sleep duration and obesity are of particular importance from a public health standpoint. In this issue of Obesity Reviews, Professor Jim Horne critically addressed the link between habitual short sleep duration and obesity from a sleep perspective (5). The author argued that the clinical significance of short sleep as a risk factor for obesity is very little, with weight gains attributed to short sleep of <2 kg over a year. Additionally, the author mentioned that the growing interest in short sleep as a determinant of obesity has the potential to focus attention on sleep rather than to exercise and diet as behaviours to promote weight loss and healthy body weight. Globally, the review paper is interesting and provides a different view point that can generate new studies on the field. However, some aspects need to be put into perspective. First, many people fail to realize that obesity has a complex causation. The underlying causes and paths to obesity are manifold and one should thus expect the effect of any single factor to be relatively small. In this context, I would rather argue that a weight gain of as little as 1 kg over a year attributed to short sleep is clinically important on a population level. Second, it is important to realize that the main issue is not to determine whether or not short sleep is a cause of obesity (likely impossible to prove), but to understand the implications of chronic short sleep duration on energy balance. Time pressure is a reality of the modern way of living and many people prefer to reduce the time allocated to sleep in order to improve their quality of life. Such a strategy is understandable, but few realize that there might be a price to pay in the long run. Any influence of short sleep duration on food intake and physical activity participation is of importance in our understanding of the different pathways to obesity. Additionally, recent results have shown that sleep might be an important factor in successful weight loss, emphasizing that a narrow focus on diet and exercise might not be enough (6). Third, the objective in studying the association between short sleep duration and obesity should not be to neglect diet and physical activity in promoting healthy body weights, but rather to understand the interactions between short sleep duration and energy balance. In particular, we have recently realized that many factors (e.g. vitamins and minerals, chemical pollutants, sleep duration, etc.) can influence energy balance despite the fact that they do not have any caloric value per se (7,8). Finally, the author elegantly indicated in its review that ‘sleep-related obesity might even be protective’. This argument is interesting and agrees with the physiological perception of obesity that considers fat gain as a biological adaptation that ultimately permits the person gaining weight to reach a new homeostatic state (9). For the short sleeper, adipose tissue may at least provide an increased leptinemia. It is obvious that the causal relation between short sleep duration and obesity will be difficult to obtain, if at all possible. Experimental evidence that sleep restriction induces obesity is not possible in humans for both ethical and logistic reasons. The best evidence would be to conduct a randomized-controlled trial in which we would have to restrict sleep duration in a group of lean people in order to be able to compare them with a control group. However, the slow development of obesity implies that such a study would have to run for years in a large sample of individuals. This means that we need to rely on short-term intervention studies and longitudinal studies. As recently addressed (2), short-term experiments may elucidate biological mechanisms supposedly inducing continuous weight gain, but whether they do produce obesity in the long run is unknown. Likewise, observations of obesity development in non-obese population groups over time after exposure to short sleep duration can be addressed with the use of various epidemiological methods, each of which have pros and cons. As mentioned by Professor Horne in his article, ‘the case for short sleep as a cause rather than just a correlate of obesity has yet to be established’. This is perhaps true, but the main message is that sleep obesity reviews doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00848.x

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2017

[120] Prevalence of adiposity and its association with sleep duration, quality, and timing among 9-12-year-old children in Guangzhou, China Weijia Liu, ..., and M. Pallan Journal Not Provided 2017 - 3 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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2017

[121] Sleep duration and the risk of obesity – a cross-sectional study E. Suliga, ..., and S. Głuszek https://doi.org/10.5114/MS.2017.70343 2017 - 10 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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0.8

2018

[122] Association between Sleep Duration and Overweight/Obesity at Age 7–18 in Shenyang, China in 2010 and 2014 Qi Sun, ..., and Lihong Jia International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018 - 5 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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2015

[123] Short Sleep Duration and Dietary Intake: Epidemiologic Evidence, Mechanisms, H. Dashti, ..., and J. Ordovás Journal Not Provided 2015 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Investigates the link between short sleep duration and dietary intake. Shows chronic short sleep may increase obesity risk via hormonal changes and eating habits. Suggests future sleep intervention studies to explore causal relationships.

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2022

[124] Associations between Sleep Duration and Anthropometric Indices of Adiposity in Female University Students B. Borowska, ..., and I. Wronka International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2022 - 4 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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48.8

2015

[125] Longitudinal impact of sleep on overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and bias‐adjusted meta‐analysis Y. Fatima, ..., and Abdullah Al Mamun Obesity Reviews 2015 - 454 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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2018

[126] Sleep deprivation and obesity in adults: a brief narrative review C. Cooper, ..., and Jennifer L Martin BMJ Open Sport — Exercise Medicine 2018 - 66 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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2016

[127] Hungry for Sleep: A Role for Endocannabinoids? F. Scheer Sleep 2016 - 2 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Inadequate sleep, both in quantity and quality, has been associated with increased body weight and risk for obesity.1 While this link has been established convincingly in epidemiologic studies, such studies cannot determine causality or the direction of effect between sleep and weight. Indeed, both directions appear to play a role. On the one hand, e.g., an increased body mass index increases the risk for obstructive sleep apnea, and thus for disturbed sleep.2 On the other hand, experimental sleep restriction influences processes involved in energy balance and body weight regulation. Seminal studies under controlled laboratory conditions and controlled caloric intake have shown that experimental sleep restriction leads to decreases in the satiety hormone leptin, increases in the appetite hormone ghrelin, and increases in hunger and appetite.3 While this may be in part due to the increased energy expenditure required by the increased time awake,4 and thus a normal homeostatic response to a lower energy balance, this doesn’t appear to be the full story. Indeed, recent experimental studies have demonstrated that restricted sleep results in overeating, thus eating in excess of the slight increase in energy expenditure, and results in weight gain.5,6 This raises the question why people would overeat when sleep deprived. In this issue of SLEEP, Hanlon and colleagues7 provide insights into the possible involvement of food reward mechanisms to underlie increased (unhealthy) food intake following sleep restriction. Using a randomized, crossover design, in fourteen healthy non-obese study participants on a fixed diet (three identical meals per day), they investigated the influence of restricting the sleep opportunity to 4.5 h per night (4 h 11 min of actual sleep as determined by PSG) as compared to 8.5 h per night (7 h 33 min) for 3 nights on the 24-h daily profile of hourly-sampled circulating endocannabinoids. The midpoint of the sleep opportunity was kept the same for the two conditions to limit any changes in circadian phase. Sleep restriction resulted in an increase in the peak and amplitude of the 24-h daily rhythm in circulating concentrations of a key endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and its structural analogue 2-oleoylglycerol (2-OG), without changes in the 24-h mean. Their increase was most apparent between 2:00 pm and 9:00 pm, and the timing of their peaks was significantly delayed. Serum leptin, ghrelin, and cortisol were assessed simultaneously with the endocannabinoid rhythms. While the 24-h mean didn’t differ for any of the three hormones, sleep restriction reduced the amplitude of the 24-h leptin rhythm, advanced the timing of the first peak in ghrelin (close to bedtime), delayed the cortisol trough (close to bedtime) and advanced the cortisol peak (at scheduled awakening). The changes in the pii: sp-00041-16 ht tp://dx.doi.org/10.5665/sleep.5510

Explores the link between inadequate sleep and increased body weight. Shows experimental sleep restriction influences hormones and increases hunger, leading to overeating and weight gain. Discusses the bidirectional relationship between sleep quality/quantity and obesity, touching on energy balance regulation mechanisms.

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2014

[128] Increased Food Intake by Insufficient Sleep in Humans: Are We Jumping the Gun on the Hormonal Explanation? J. Chaput and M. St-Onge Frontiers in Endocrinology 2014 - 72 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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26.3

2021

[129] The links between sleep duration, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus C. Antza, ..., and A. Tahrani The Journal of Endocrinology 2021 - 67 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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2012

[130] 1671 The Relationship Between Sleep Pattern and Obesity in Children’s of Tehran City A. S. Gharamaleki, ..., and K. Jaafarian Archives of Disease in Childhood 2012 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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2013

[131] The role of sleep duration in the regulation of energy balance: effects on energy intakes and expenditure. M. St-Onge Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2013 - 190 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Explores the impact of sleep duration on energy balance. Investigates how reduced sleep affects energy intake, expenditure, and hormonal regulators. Focuses on clinical intervention studies, linking sleep and obesity/weight control.

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2021

[132] Habitual Sleep, Sleep Duration Differential, and Weight Change Among Adults Yin Liu, ..., and E. Reither Innovation in Aging 2021 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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[133] American Journal of Epidemiology Original Contribution Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Associations between Objectively Measured Sleep Duration and Body Mass Index the Cardia Sleep Study D. Lauderdale, ..., and Kiang Liu Journal Not Provided None - 231 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Numerous studies have found an association between shorter sleep duration and higher body mass index (BMI) in adults. Most previous studies have been cross-sectional and relied on self-reported sleep duration, which may not be very accurate. In the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Sleep Study (2000– 2006), the authors examine whether objectively measured sleep is associated with BMI and change in BMI. They use several nights of wrist actigraphy to measure sleep among participants in an ongoing cohort of middle-aged adults. By use of linear regression, the authors examine whether average sleep duration or fragmentation is associated with BMI and 5-year change in BMI, adjusting for confounders. Among 612 participants, sleep duration averaged 6.1 hours and was grouped into 4 categories. Both shorter sleep and greater fragmentation were strongly associated with higher BMI in unadjusted cross-sectional analysis. After adjustment, BMI decreased by 0.78 kg/m 2 (95% confidence interval: À1.6, À0.002) for each increasing sleep category. The association was very strong in persons who reported snoring and weak in those who did not. There were no longitudinal associations between sleep measurements and change in BMI. The authors confirmed a cross-sectional association between sleep duration and BMI using objective sleep measures, but they did not find that sleep predicted change in BMI. The mechanism underlying the cross-sectional association is not clear. Numerous studies have found a cross-sectional association between sleep duration and body mass index (BMI) in adults: Those reporting shorter sleep are more likely to have higher BMI (1–3). The possibility that this is a causal association and that declining sleep hours could be contributing to the obesity epidemic has heightened interest among researchers and the public (4), but there are critical gaps in the epidemiologic evidence (5). Cross-sectional studies present ambiguous evidence concerning the causal direction. In this case, both directions are plausible. Persons who weigh more may sleep less, perhaps because of comorbidities or reduced sleep quality, or persons who sleep less may gain weight, perhaps because of increased hunger or late-night eating. A third possibility is that the association is not causal in either direction but due to as yet unidentified confounding. Some studies find a U-shaped association with increased risk of obesity for both short and long sleepers (6–8). Several established cohorts have sleep information and have examined this association longitudinally, with mixed

97.5%

0.0

2022

[134] Sleeping it off? The value of sleep in children treated for obesity Annika Janson Acta Paediatrica 2022 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: There is something counterintuitive about sleep and obesity. We use less energy while sleeping, yet lack of sleep may be one of the reasons why people gain weight. If so, sleep would be one of the modifiable factors for preventing overweight and obesity. We sleep less than we used to. Relatively recent changes, such as electric light, and very recent changes, such as mobile phones, have dissociated our sleeping habits from daylight which dictated the patterns for millennia. So, are we more likely to gain surplus weight if we have poor sleeping habits? Or are we looking at a reverse causality, where people with overweight or obesity are more likely to have disturbed sleep? Or are we tricked by confounders, factors common to obesity and sleep disturbances? There are plenty of candidates, such as sedentary behaviour, alcohol use, stress and psychiatric illnesses. For children, the American Association of Pediatrics has endorsed the consensus recommendation by their colleagues in the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Children aged 3– 5 years should sleep 10– 13 h, including naps, children aged 6– 12 years should sleep 9– 12 h, and teenagers should sleep 8– 10 h per 24 h.1 Data on children do not look too bad, although reports are conflicting. For girls and boys aged 6– 9 years in 25 countries in the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI), most children achieved 9– 11 h of sleep. A fair fraction of those who did not were actually sleeping more.2 For adolescents, we know less and fear worse. Many studies have confirmed the association between lack of sleep and overweight.3 A systematic review of 42 prospective studies could demonstrate an effect size with small reductions in BMI for every additional hour of sleep.4 Some researchers have argued that the relationship is Ushaped; both children who sleep very much and those who sleep little are at increased risk of obesity.5 Others described a linear relationship between the amount of sleep and the risk of obesity.6 A lack of sleep affects metabolism and the appetiteregulating hormones, the desire to eat and food selection. Some of the landmark studies were carried out a few decades ago. In one of these studies, eleven young men were studied for 16 nights. They were allowed to sleep for 4 h per night for 6 nights and then they were able to catch up. During sleep deprivation, the insulin sensitivity decreased, and the metabolism of carbohydrates was impaired.7 In another study with a similar design, eleven adult men and women were studied for two 14 days periods and had free access to food. During the days of sleep deprivation, the participants ate more snacks.8 Researchers can keep their study participants awake and send them to bed, but they cannot make them sleep unless they use medications. The groundbreaking allinclusive studies were probably both expensive and cumbersome. Instead, most studies rely on selfreported data on the time, duration, and quality of sleep. In the case of children, parents are often the reporters, which adds to the complexity. Important confounders in children would be neuropsychiatric illnesses and psychosocial wellbeing. In a Swedish study, twothirds of adolescents seeking surgical weight loss presented with substantial mental health problems as reported by themselves or their parents.9 The everyday struggle for some of these adolescents may evolve into vicious circles of tiredness, sedentary behaviour and disturbed eating and sleeping patterns. And for the reverse, good parenting skills may affect both meal structure and sleeping habits positively. Clearly, the mechanisms, causality and confounders that may explain the association between obesity and sleep are still not fully understood. In this issue of Acta Paediatrica, Kjetså et al. make an important contribution to the field by reporting how sleeping habits at baseline affected the outcome for children who participated in obesity treatment, in addition to age and family income.10 It sounds like an obvious approach, but the effect of sleeping habits on the results of obesity treatment is much less studied than the associations between sleep and body weight for children in general. Kjetså ́s study is a followup of 97 children aged 6– 12 years with a body mass index (BMI) just under the cutoff for obesity and above, corresponding to adult BMI 27.5 kg/m2 and above. The children had been included in a 2 years randomised study, the Finnmark Activity School study in Norway, with typical lifestyle components. The authors gathered data on 62/97 (64%) at three years, one year after the end of the intervention, and regardless of randomisation.10 For a longterm evaluation of obesity treatment, 64% is a decent retention rate. At baseline, most children slept 9– 11 h per night and had more than 2 h of screen time. The authors showed that the children who reported longer sleep duration at baseline had lost more weight at three years.10

Reviews the link between sleep and obesity in children. Compares findings of prospective studies highlighting variable relationships between sleep duration and obesity risk. Mentions landmark studies on sleep's impact on metabolism and appetite-regulating hormones.

97.5%

2.9

2012

[135] Report on childhood obesity in China (10): association of sleep duration with obesity. L. Meng, ..., and G. Ma Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES 2012 - 35 citations - Show abstract - Cite

97.4%

6.7

2012

[136] Prevalence of short sleep duration and its association with obesity among adolescents 15- to 19-year olds: A cross-sectional study from three major cities in Saudi Arabia H. Al-Hazzaa, ..., and Dina M Qahwaji Annals of Thoracic Medicine 2012 - 80 citations - Show abstract - Cite

97.4%

0.0

2011

[137] Sleep duration and body composition in adolescents L. Mamluk, ..., and M. Cantwell Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2011 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

97.4%

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2017

[138] The Association between Sleep Duration and Overweight in a School-Age Population in Seoul (J Obes Metab Syndr 2017;26:45–51) Y. Rhie Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome 2017 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Sufficient sleep is an important factor for a healthy lifestyle. In addition to restoring body functions and recharging energy, sleep plays many important roles in various physiological functions. Sleep affects growth and pubertal development in children and adolescents. Kwon et al.1 showed that sleep duration was related to age at menarche in Korean elementary school girls. Sleep duration is inversely related to the prevalence of chronic diseases, including metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases.2 Individuals with an insufficient sleep duration showed an increased risk of obesity.3 Pacheco et al.4 suggested a link between overweight and obesity and altered sleep quality and also a link between slow-wave sleep duration and insulin resistance. Insufficient sleep results in the dysregulation of hormones that control appetite and energy balance and subsequently increases the risk of obesity.5 Shin6 investigated the association between sleep duration and overweight in a school-age population in Seoul using the secondary data of a sample survey (n = 25,182) of the Student Health Examination in 2010. Shin6 identified the proportions of those who were overweight [World Health Organization (WHO) definition of body mass index (BMI) > 1.0 standard deviation score (SDS)] and explored the association of overweight with sleep duration after adjusting for age and for meat and vegetable intake using multiple logistic and linear regression analyses. Shin6 found that only 23.2% of participants slept 8 hours or more per day, and the proportions of overweight participants were 34.2% of boys and 19.5% of girls. Shin6 also showed that significant odds ratios for overweight according to sleep duration (based on ≥ 8 sleeping hours) were 1.28 (for less than 6 hours), 1.31 (for 6-7 hours), and 1.28 (for 7-8 hours) in boys and 1.19 (for 6-7 hours) and 1.17 (for 7-8 hours) in girls. These findings are very interesting and significant in terms of sleep as a causal variable of obesity in the Korean school-aged population. They also call attention to the activities that use sleep time to meet health needs. The fact that most students do not obtain an optimal sleep duration ( ≥ 8 hours) seems to be related to the educational environment in Korea. This study suggests that a school health policy for ensuring optimal sleep duration in the school-aged population should be developed for prevention of obesity. The quality of sleep also has a significant relationship with overweight and obesity.4 However, the association between the quality of sleep and overweight could not be investigated in this study. As Shin6 mentioned, this study defined overweight according to BMI SDS using growth reference values for 5-19-year-olds, as re-

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2008

[139] The role of sleep in metabolism and obesity S. Taheri Journal Not Provided 2008 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Sleep is a complex behaviour whose precise physiological functions are unknown. Traditionally, it was believed that sleep is only for the brain, but increasingly, the role of sleep in other organs has been recognized. Recently the role of sleep duration and sleep disorders in the regulation of metabolism is increasingly appreciated. The hypothalamus, which is a major regulator for homeostatic regulatory mechanisms, is also a major regulator of sleep and wakefulness allowing integration of sleep, appetite, and metabolism. In particular, the lateral hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin) neurons have been shown to play a key role in wakefulness, appetite regulation, glucose sensing, locomotor activity and energy expenditure. The importance of hypothalamic integration of sleep and metabolism has been shown in both animals and also humans who suffer from the sleep disorder, narcolepsy. Narcolepsy is a profound neurological sleep disorder that results in excessive daytime sleepiness, but is also associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Patients with narcolepsy have undetectable orexin (hypocretin) neuropeptide levels in their cerebrospinal fluid and postmortem studies have shown that orexin (hypocretin) mRNA expression is absent in hypothalami from patients with narcolepsy. Data from large population studies show that both long and short sleep duration are associated with obesity, the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and mortality. These studies have been carried out across all age groups, and in several countries and ethnic groups. In a study of over 1000 individuals, short sleep duration was shown to be associated with greater body mass index but lower levels of the adipocytokine hormone leptin and higher levels of the stomach-derived hormone ghrelin. Low leptin and high ghrelin levels are a powerful appetite stimulatory signal. Data from other population studies suggest a relationship between sleep duration and physical activity. Human sleep laboratory studies have shown that both short sleep duration and sleep disruption are associated with metabolic derangements that are associated with the metabolic syndrome and diabetes. These studies also report associations between shorter sleep and energy expenditure. The objective of the presentation will be to discuss data available regarding the relation between sleep, metabolism and obesity including potential neurohormonal mechanisms. Taheri S, Lin L, Austin D, Young T, Mignot E (2004). PLoS Med 1(3):e62.

97.3%

0.0

2018

[140] PO-108 The relationship between Obesity and Sleep behavior in adolescents Xiao-fang Zou and Chunyan Li Exercise Biochemistry Review 2018 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Objective With the increasing detection rate of overweight and obesity in adolescents, many kinds of fat-related hazards affect the quality of life. This paper aims to study the relationship between overweight and obesity and sleep behavior in adolescents. To provide theoretical basis for adolescent obesity intervention policy according to the relevant links. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted on 156 (84 males, 72 females) aged 12 to 18 years old to collect information on their basic physical condition and sleep related behaviors, and the questionnaire was collected on the spot. Subjects were divided into three groups according to BMI: normal, overweight and obese. The gender and BMI groups were analyzed and compared. Results (1) Obesity The rate of obesity in boys was higher than that in girls , (P < 0. 05). (2). The rate of staying up late during workday (71.7%) and early rising (83.0%) in obese group was higher than that in girls (83.0%). In obese group, the sleeping time was longer (25.16 ±6.3min) and had no siesta behavior (30.8%). In normal group, 15-30min (38.6%), (P < 0.05). (3) BMI (29.86 ±7.53) in boys was significantly higher than that in girls (26.85 ±5.50), (), while in normal group (38.6%), (P < 0.05). (3), BMI in boys (29.86 ±7.53) was significantly higher than that in girls (26.85 ±5.50), ( P < 0.05). Male students with no siesta behavior and nap time in 15-30 minutes accounted for more (25. 5%), while female students had more lunch break time between 30 and 60 minutes (36.9%). (4). Male students' nap time and sleep duration were negatively correlated with BMI , (P < 0. 05). BMI was proportional to nap time and sleep time, but was inversely proportional to sleep time , (P < 0. 05). Conclusions Sleep behavior of adolescent boys and girls may have an effect on body weight status. Staying up late, lack of sleep and lack of lunch time will aggravate obesity and reduce sleep barrier. In addition, shortening sleep time can improve overweight and obesity status.

97.3%

0.2

2014

[141] Sleep and metabolism: you sleep what you eat? D. Dijk Journal of Sleep Research 2014 - 2 citations - Show abstract - Cite

97.2%

0.3

2020

[142] Sleep and Obesity: Mechanisms of Association V. Dadaeva, ..., and O. Drapkina Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology 2020 - 1 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Reviews association mechanisms between sleep and obesity. Explores hormone imbalances, fatigue, and eating behavior changes due to altered sleep. Focuses on epidemiologic studies, addressing probable mechanisms rather than empirical data on sleep duration and weight control.

97.0%

0.0

2023

[143] Habitual night sleep duration is associated with general obesity and visceral obesity among Chinese women, independent of sleep quality Jiangshan He, ..., and Minying Zhang Frontiers in Public Health 2023 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

97.0%

19.0

2007

[144] The association between sleep duration, body mass index and metabolic measures in the Hordaland Health Study B. Bjorvatn, ..., and R. Ursin Journal of Sleep Research 2007 - 327 citations - Show abstract - Cite

97.0%

0.0

2009

[145] 한국 아동의 수면시간과 체질량지수 최성민, ..., and 이종훈 Journal Not Provided 2009 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

96.9%

0.0

2020

[146] Duración del sueño y riesgo de obesidad: Nueve años de seguimiento de la Cohorte niños del milenio en Perú Sofía Gonzales and Andrea Ivett Rodríguez Journal Not Provided 2020 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Background: Obesity is a public health problem worldwide, the figures are also increasing at the level of Latin America and developing countries such as Peru with very striking figures. Within the causality that explains this problem there are different associated factors, according to different bibliography, sex works as an effect modifier for the association between sleep duration and obesity. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate if there is a relationship between these variables, and if this association differs according to sex. Methods: A cohort study was conducted, using secondary information from the database of the Millennium Children study. The outcome variable was obesity, based on BMI for age according to the z-score; the exposure was the child's sleep duration (reported by parents) categorized using the National Sleep Foundation classification, as a numerical variable. To calculate the relative risk, the Poisson regression with robust variance was used, taking into account the changes of the result variable over time. The mixed linear model was used when the outcome and the exposure variable were categorized as numerical variables, taking into account the variation in time for both. Results: Data from 1949 children were analyzed, with an initial mean age of 4.3 years (standard deviation: 0.3) and 962 (49.5%) women. The short duration of sleep was present in 26.0% (95% CI: 24.0-28.0) at the beginning of the study. After 9.6 years of follow-up, the incidence of obesity was 0.83 (95% CI 0.70 - 0.98) per 100 people-years at risk. In the multivariate model (n = 1579), there was no association between short duration of sleep and obesity in the entire sample (n = 1579, RR = 1.00; 95% CI 0.71-1.41; p = 0.13) but the risk of obesity was lower among girls, (n = 816; RR = 0.45; 95% CI: 0.21-0.96; p = 0.03) compared to boys (n = 763; RR = 1.43; 95% CI: 0.95-2.14; p = 0.09). On the contrary, each additional hour of sleep was associated with an increase in the average BMI of boys (0.05; 95% CI: 0.02-0.08; p <0.001), but not among girls (- 0.02; 95% CI: -0.05 to 0.01; p = 0.11) Conclusions: Our results showed a lower risk of obesity due to the short duration of sleep in girls compared to boys. Each additional hour of sleep was associated with an increase in BMI in boys by 0.05 but not among girls. It is evident that sex was an effect modifying variable.

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3.7

2014

[147] Sleep, obesity, and weight loss in adults: Is there a rationale for providing sleep interventions in the treatment of obesity? J. Coughlin and Michael T. Smith International Review of Psychiatry 2014 - 38 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Reviews relationships between sleep, obesity, and eating patterns. Highlights methodological discrepancies in studies linking sleep and obesity, suggesting more research is needed. Suggests examining sleep interventions' impact on weight loss as a future research direction.

96.9%

0.1

2008

[148] The association between sleep and obesity in primary schoolchildren in Middlesbrough C. H. Jones, ..., and Helen L. Ball Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2008 - 1 citations - Show abstract - Cite

96.9%

5.9

2018

[149] The Effect of Circadian and Sleep Disruptions on Obesity Risk J. Noh Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome 2018 - 35 citations - Show abstract - Cite

96.8%

0.0

2011

[150] THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SLEEP DURATION AND BODY WEIGHT IN ADULT Zlata Piskáčková Journal Not Provided 2011 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

96.8%

24.2

2018

[151] Obesity and sleep disturbance: the chicken or the egg? G. Muscogiuri, ..., and S. Savastano Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2018 - 135 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Provides observation evidence on sleep and obesity association. Explains pathophysiological mechanisms linking sleep disturbances and obesity. Reviews implications of diet on sleep quality and obesity risk.

96.7%

0.0

2020

[152] Association between Sleep Duration, Food Consumption Patterns and Obesity among Adolescents in Qatar S. Mohammed, ..., and A. Kerkadi https://doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0221 2020 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Background: Recent research suggests that sleep duration contributes towards developing unhealthy dietary habits, which can lead to obesity. Further study in this field can provide a new direction in addressing this epidemic. Objective: To examine the association between sleep duration, food consumption pattern, and obesity in adolescents in Qatar. Hypothesis: Sleep duration and unhealthy dietary pattern may be positively correlated to obesity. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study including 1161 adolescents aged 14-19 years from a representative sample of independent secondary schools in the state of Qatar. Validated questionnaire was used to collect data on sleep duration and frequency of intake of foods. Sleep duration was classified as short (< 6 hrs), sufficient (7-8 hrs) and long (> 9 hrs). Anthropometric indicators included body weight, height and waist circumference (WC) that were measured using standardized procedures. General obesity was defined according to International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) ageand gender-specific body mass index (BMI) reference values. Agespecific cutoff values for WC were used to define abdominal obesity. Factor loading matrix was used to categorize healthy and unhealthy foods. The association between the study variables was assessed using multiple regression analysis. Results: The mean frequency of food consumption was lower for students of shorter sleep duration regardless of the day of the week. Students who reported long sleep duration had higher mean frequency of consumption of unhealthy food (fast food, French fries, cakes/donuts, candy/chocolates, sugar-sweetened beverages). Females showed an unhealthier eating pattern as compared to males. Multiple regression analysis revealed that as the WC and BMI increased, consumption of healthy eating pattern decreased by 25% and 10 % respectively (p<0.001) Conclusion: Lack of sufficient sleep and decreased consumption of healthy foods have an association with increased risk of being obese among adolescents.

96.7%

26.2

2008

[153] Is sleep duration related to obesity? A critical review of the epidemiological evidence. N. Marshall, ..., and R. Grunstein Sleep medicine reviews 2008 - 414 citations - Show abstract - Cite

96.7%

10.7

2009

[154] Reduced sleep as an obesity risk factor Sanjay R. Patel Obesity Reviews 2009 - 156 citations - Show abstract - Cite

96.7%

0.1

2013

[155] La mala calidad de sueño es factor promotor de obesidad C. Escobar, ..., and Manuel Ángeles-Castellanos Revista Mexicana de trastornos alimentarios 2013 - 1 citations - Show abstract - Cite

Reviews evidence linking poor sleep to obesity risk. Highlights controlled clinical and experimental studies showing sleep deprivation causes metabolic and behavioral shifts leading to overeating and weight gain. Aims to integrate sleep considerations into obesity research and intervention strategies.

96.7%

5.5

2020

[156] Improving sleep disturbances in obesity by nutritional strategies: review of current evidence and practical guide B. Castellucci, ..., and G. Muscogiuri International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2020 - 19 citations - Show abstract - Cite

96.6%

4.7

2011

[157] Sleep duration and body mass index in 0–7-year olds H. Hiscock, ..., and M. Wake Archives of Disease in Childhood 2011 - 62 citations - Show abstract - Cite

96.5%

7.5

2011

[158] Quantification of sleep behavior and of its impact on the cross-talk between the brain and peripheral metabolism Erin C. Hanlon and E. van Cauter Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2011 - 96 citations - Show abstract - Cite

96.5%

10.1

2008

[159] Sleep duration, general and abdominal obesity, and weight change among the older adult population of Spain. E. López-García, ..., and F. Rodríguez‐Artalejo The American journal of clinical nutrition 2008 - 165 citations - Show abstract - Cite

96.4%

0.4

2015

[160] Sleeping more to improve appetite and body weight control: dream or reality? J. Chaput The American journal of clinical nutrition 2015 - 4 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Short sleep duration as a possible cause of obesity has received considerable attention in the media and scientific literature over the past 10 y. Interest in this topic area has been partly fueled by the observation that decreases in sleep duration occurred concurrently with increases in obesity prevalence (1, 2). Epidemiologic studies have consistently shown that short sleep duration is associated with obesity and weight gain (3), whereas short-term experiments have provided valuable mechanistic explanations (4). Recent intervention studies have also shown that sleep restriction leads to weight gain in humans (5, 6). Thus, there is a preponderance of evidence to suggest that insufficient sleep is a contributor to weight gain and that healthy sleep habits should be recommended to facilitate body weight control. In this issue of the Journal, Dashti et al. (7) examined associations between sleep duration, body mass index (BMI), and macronutrient intake and assessed whether CLOCK (circadian locomotor output cycles kaput) variants modify these associations. The authors tested their hypotheses in large cross-sectional meta-analyses of population-based cohorts including 14,906 participants of European descent. They found that longer sleep duration was associated with lower BMI and with ageand sexspecific favorable dietary behaviors. Moreover, they found that CLOCK variants could modify the associations between sleep duration and dietary intake; however, the results were only nominally significant (i.e., at P , 0.05, and not at the prespecified Bonferroni-corrected significance level of P , 0.002). Nevertheless, the authors’ conclusion was that ‘‘longer habitual sleep duration could ameliorate genetic predisposition to obesity via a favorable dietary profile.’’ The main strength of this study was its multinational assessment of sleep duration, BMI, macronutrient intake, and CLOCK variants in a large number of participants. Key limitations to keep in mind include the use of self-reported sleep duration (different questions used) and dietary intake (food-frequency questionnaires), the failure to adjust for important confounding variables (e.g., socioeconomic status and physical activity level), and the use of a cross-sectional study design precluding causal inferences. Furthermore, it is unclear as to whether the authors looked at possible U-shaped associations between sleep duration and BMI, as generally reported in previous studies, especially in studies using self-reported sleep duration. Results observed in this well-powered study are consistent with an accumulating body of evidence showing that short sleep duration is associated with excess weight and higher food intake (8, 9). Other authors also reported that short sleep duration activates obesity-related genes, whereas longer sleep duration may be protective by suppressing genetic influences on body weight (10). The observation of a gene-environment interaction between sleep duration and BMI suggests that recommendations for sleep should be individualized, with an emphasis on individuals having genetic vulnerabilities for obesity. Previous research has been instrumental in showing that increased food intake is the main mechanism by which short sleep duration leads to weight gain (9). More recently, studies have provided important information to the effect that the hormonal explanation (e.g., changes in leptin and ghrelin concentrations) is probably not the most important mechanism to explain the link between reduced sleep and increased food intake. Indeed, in real-life conditions with free access to food, excess energy intake associated with sleep curtailment appears to be preferentially driven by hedonic rather than hormonal factors (9, 11). Although food intake may be directly proportional to the time spent awake in the current obesogenic environment, studies consistently show that shortened sleep increases snacking, the number of meals eaten per day, and the preference for energy-dense foods (9). Interestingly, new neuroimaging experiments show that sleep restriction enhances hedonic stimulus processing in the brain underlying the drive to consume foods (12–14). Accordingly, scientists who wish to investigate the mechanisms linking insufficient sleep to weight gain should focus more on understanding the rewarding aspects of food that accompany sleep loss. The growing body of evidence in this field of research reminds us that sleep is not a ‘‘waste of time’’ after all and the maintenance of healthy eating behaviors is compromised by not getting adequate sleep. It is now time to better understand the clinical benefits of increasing sleep duration on eating behaviors and body weight control (15). Furthermore, we need to better understand the importance of adequate sleep to improve the treatment of

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0.3

2012

[161] Sleep duration and overweight/obesity in children: implication for pediatric nursing Jianghong Liu, ..., and Linda Li Journal Not Provided 2012 - 4 citations - Show abstract - Cite

96.4%

2.2

2016

[162] The Association between Self-reported Sleep Duration and Body Mass Index among Korean Adolescents Ban Hyung Lee, ..., and Y. Lee Journal of Korean Medical Science 2016 - 17 citations - Show abstract - Cite

96.2%

0.0

2011

[163] P2-455 Sleep duration and risk of weight gain and obesity: the Ohsaki Cohort Study M. Nagai, ..., and I. Tsuji Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2011 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

96.2%

0.0

2022

[164] Sleep Duration and Body Mass Index in 5–9 Aged Korean Children Sung Hoon Yoo, ..., and W. Seo Chronobiology in Medicine 2022 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

96.0%

0.7

2010

[165] Lose Sleep, Gain Weight: Another Piece of the Obesity Puzzle A. Spivey Environmental Health Perspectives 2010 - 10 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: It’s 11 p.m., and you sit in front of a glowing computer screen, writing e-mails and eating a sandwich. You’ll work until after midnight, when you’ll fall asleep in front of the light and blare of a TV before rising again at 6 a.m. What’s wrong with this picture? Because of modern conveniences and pressures, many of us keep our bodies exposed to light, food, and activity at times when our organs and cells expect dark, quiet, and sleep. In epidemiologic studies, shorter sleep has been correlated with incidence of obesity, hypertension, and other metabolic disorders. Experimental sleep studies find a similar connection. Increasingly, studies of the possible mechanisms behind these associations suggest that lack of sleep is part of a bigger problem with the 24/7 lifestyle many people today lead. Increasingly, scientists are finding that many physiologic activities related to metabolism don’t happen continuously but oscillate on a regular schedule. Studies in mice as well as humans suggest that when our internal clock is disrupted, it may throw off many bodily functions, especially metabolism. Many environmental factors have been shown to contribute to circadian disruption. Noise in busy hospitals, street noise, and airport noise have all been reported to disrupt sleep or reduce its quality. Research in animals and humans shows that exposure to light during early biological night resets the main circadian clock by producing a phase delay (the biological urge to go to sleep and wake up later than usual), and exposure during late biological night results in a phase advance (going to sleep and waking up earlier than usual). We live in a world where air passengers can see the glow of major cities 200 miles away. So the fact that human circadian systems appear sensitive even to low-level artificial light exposure raises significant concerns for the health effects of our electrified modern society. For instance, exposure to a few hours of ordinary room light of about 100 lux brightness (which most people get every night before they go to bed) can significantly reset the human circadian pacemaker, Jamie Zeitzer and colleagues reported in the September 2005 American Journal of Physiology—Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. However, it’s not certain what the effects of very brief light exposures may be. The duration of light exposure needed to cause shifts hasn’t been well studied, according to a review by Charles Czeisler and Joshua Gooley in volume 27 (2007) of Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. [For more information about the health effects of too much artificial light, see “Missing the Dark: Health Effects of Light Pollution,” EHP 117:A20–A27 (2009).] Epidemiologic studies suggest that lack of sleep or sleeping on an altered schedule is an independent risk factor for gaining weight. But it’s still not certain whether short sleep actually causes obesity and its associated health effects. For instance, some scientists have suggested that the association between obesity and lack of sleep may be due to the fact that people who are obese may be more likely to have a sleep disorder such as sleep apnea, or that the reported lack of sleep is a symptom of psychosocial stress. But a body of studies have shown a connection between short sleep and obesity, other health effects associated with obesity, and increased appetite or food intake.

96.0%

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2023

[166] Circadian Rhythm and Obesity Xueting Guan Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 2023 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

95.9%

0.6

2021

[167] Sleep duration and overweight: is there a relationship in adolescence? Márcia Mara Corrêa, ..., and E. A. Oliveira Revista brasileira de epidemiologia = Brazilian journal of epidemiology 2021 - 2 citations - Show abstract - Cite

95.8%

0.3

2009

[168] Sleep Duration and Body Mass Index in Korean Children Sung-min Choi, ..., and Jong Hun Lee Journal Not Provided 2009 - 4 citations - Show abstract - Cite

95.8%

0.1

2010

[169] Examining the association between sleep duration, diet and body mass index in Quebec children Fabiola Tatone-Tokuda https://doi.org/10.20381/RUOR-19292 2010 - 1 citations - Show abstract - Cite

95.7%

0.0

2011

[170] The Relationship between Sleeping Duration and Obesity: a Three-Year Follow-up Study in Nanjing Liang Ya-qiong Chinese Journal of Prevention and Control of Chronic Diseases 2011 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

95.7%

4.6

2013

[171] Examining the Longitudinal Relationship Between Change in Sleep and Obesity Risk in Adolescents L. Lytle, ..., and K. Farbakhsh Health Education & Behavior 2013 - 51 citations - Show abstract - Cite

95.5%

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2014

[172] The important role of sleep in metabolism. G. Copinschi, ..., and K. Spiegel Frontiers of hormone research 2014 - 83 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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2017

[173] [Sleep Duration and Abdominal Obesity in Elderly in China]. Huiqiang Luo, ..., and X. Ren Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition 2017 - 2 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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2011

[174] Sleep duration and its role in the aetiology of cardio-metabolic health outcomes S. Hense Journal Not Provided 2011 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Sleep deprivation is considered as a serious risk factor with a relevant public health impact due to its multiple effects, which we are just beginning to understand. This is underlined by the growing number of studies in the past decades that investigate especially the association between sleep duration and overweight. This review gives an overview of the current state of research and potential biological mechanisms. The evidence from epidemiological studies suggests an association between short sleep duration and overweight in children as well as in adults. Different biological mechanisms have been discussed in this context, with a special focus on hormonal changes as the potential mediator. To include sleep in a comprehensive strategy to prevent overweight, intervention studies, that analyse the potentially protective effect of prolonged sleep duration, are necessary. Bundesgesundheitsblatt – 2011: 54:1337–1343 © Springer Medizin Verlag 2011 Originalveröffentlichung erschienen auf www.springerlink.com Zusammenfassung Schlafmangel ist aufgrund seiner vielfältigen Auswirkungen, deren Wirkmechanismen wir erst zu verstehen beginnen, als ernst zu nehmender Risikofaktor mit großer Public Health Relevanz zu sehen. Dies wird auch durch die steigende Zahl an Studien belegt, die sich speziell mit der Frage nach dem Zusammenhang zwischen Schlafdauer und Übergewicht befassen. Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit gibt einen Überblick sowohl über den aktuellen Stand der Forschung zu diesem Thema als auch über mögliche biologische Mechanismen. Die Evidenz aus epidemiologischen Studien deutet sowohl bei Kindern als auch bei Erwachsenen auf einen Zusammenhang zwischen kurzer Schlafdauer und Übergewicht hin. Die Ergebnisse bei Kindern sind kons istenter, als bei Erwachsenen. Als Ursache des Zusammenhangs werden mehrere Mechanismen diskutiert, wobei vor allem hormonelle Veränderungen im Fokus stehen. Um Schlaf in eine umfassende Strategie zur Bekämpfung von Übergewicht einbeziehen zu können, sind nun Interventionsstudien erforderlich, die einen potentiellen protektiven Effekt von verlängerter Schlafdauer untersuchen. Chapter 4 Sleep duration and overweight in different stages of life 56 HINTERGRUND Sowohl die Einstellung zu Schlaf als auch das Schlafverhalten haben sich in den letzten Jahrhunderten stetig verändert, der Schlafbedarf aus biologischer Sicht ist jedoch der gleiche geblieben. Unsere Vorstellungen von ‚richtigem’ oder ‚gesundem’ Schlaf variieren sowohl von Kultur zu Kultur als auch in Abhängigkeit vom aktuellen wissenschaftlichem Verständnis in Bezug auf diesen Zustand (1). Der Psychologe G. Stanley Hall erklärte vor bereits mehr als einem Jahrhundert, dass alles dafür getan werden solle, einen so tiefen und sowohl qualitativ als auch quantitativ einwandfreien Schlaf wie möglich zu fördern. Alles, was dieses Ziel ernsthaft beeinträchtigen könnte, solle gewissenhaft gemieden werden (2). Dennoch wurde in den letzten Jahrzehnten eine Verkürzung der Schlafdauer berichtet. So zeigten zum Beispiel Untersuchungen aus den USA einen Rückgang der durchschnittlichen Schlafdauer um 1,5 bis 2 Stunden in den letzten 50 Jahren (3) und auch eine finnische Studie berichtete dieses Phänomen (4). Zeitgleich zur Reduktion der Schlafdauer wurde ein weltweiter Anstieg der Prävalenz von Übergewicht und Adipositas beobachtet und die Evidenz für Schlafdauer als einen neuen Risikofaktor für Übergewicht und Adipositas, der bereits im Kindesalter eine Rolle zu spielen scheint, wächst durch die stetig steigende Anzahl an Studien, die diesen Zusammenhang untersuchen (5-10). Übergewichtige Kinder haben ein erhöhtes Risiko, im Erwachsenenalter übergewichtig zu bleiben oder adipös zu werden, was wiederum das Risiko für chronische pathologische Zustände wie Diabetes Typ 2 oder kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen erhöht (11). Vor diesem Hintergrund ist dem Thema Schlaf, und in diesem Fall vor allem der Schlafdauer, durchaus eine erhebliche Public Health Relevanz zuzuschreiben. Bedenkt man zudem, dass chronische Krankheiten wie Diabestes und Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen einen großen Anteil der Kosten im Gesundheitssystem ausmachen (12), ist ein detailliertes Verständnis des Zusammenhangs zwischen Schlaf und Gewichtsstatus auch aus gesundheitspolitischer Sicht wünschenswert. Im Folgenden wird zunächst ein Überblick über die Entwicklung der Schlafdauer in verschiedenen Lebensphasen gegeben. Darauf aufbauend folgt eine Darstellung der in diesem Kontext diskutierten Mediatoren und biologischen Mechanismen, gefolgt von der Vorstellung von Verfahren zur Erfassung von Schlafmustern und des aktuellen Forschungsstandes bezüglich epidemiologischer Studien zu Schlaf und Übergewicht bei Erwachsenen und Kindern. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Studienergebnisse werden abschließend mögliche Limitationen bezüglich der Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen Schlaf und Gewichtsstatus und aus den Ergebnissen resultierende Implikationen diskutiert. Zu Schlafdauer und Übergewicht liegen bereits verschiedene Übersichtsarbeiten und Meta-Analysen vor. Erst kürzlich erschien ein systematischer Review, der alle bis Chapter 4 Sleep duration and overweight in different stages of life 57 Anfang 2009 veröffentlichten Längsschnittstudien zum Thema zusammenfasst (13). Daher basiert die vorliegende Arbeit zum einen auf den Ergebnissen bereits bestehender Übersichten und ergänzt diese durch Originalartikel zum Thema, die seit Januar 2009 veröffentlicht wurden. Die Arbeit stützt sich hierbei vor allem auf Ergebnisse aus longitudinalen Studien, da Querschnittsdaten aufgrund ihres Designs nur bedingt Aussagen zu kausalen Zusammenhängen zulassen und eine solche Einschränkung in Hinblick auf die umfassende Datenlage nach Sicht der Autoren sinnvoll ist. Querschnittsstudien werden nur dann herangezogen, wenn sie die einzige verfügbare Evidenz zur jeweiligen Fragestellung darstellen. SCHLAF IN VERSCHIEDENEN LEBENSPHASEN Die nächtliche Schlafdauer ist von diversen Faktoren abhängig und unterliegt einer hohen Variabilität zwischen Individuen. So zeigte eine aktuelle Studie, dass Schlafdauer nicht nur durch interne, sondern auch durch externe Faktoren wie zum Beispiel regionale und kulturelle Aspekte beeinflusst wird (14). Im Gegensatz hierzu gilt Schlafdauer innerhalb eines Individuums als sehr stabil (15). Das Schlafbedürfnis ändert sich jedoch in verschiedenen Lebensphasen und sinkt in der Regel mit dem Alter. Dementsprechend brauchen Säuglinge und Kleinkinder nach Angaben der Bundeszentrale für Gesundheitliche Aufklärung (BZgA) und der American Academy of Sleep Education zwischen 12 und 16 Stunden Schlaf über den Tag verteilt (polyphasisches Schlafmuster) (16;17). Circa die Hälfte dieser Zeit befinden Kinder sich in diesem Alter im so genannten REM Schlaf (Rapid Eye Movement). Diese Phase nennt sich auch ‚Traumschlaf’, da hierbei am intensivsten geträumt wird. Bei Kindern im Kindergartenalter konzentriert sich der Schlaf bereits mehr auf die Nacht, wobei ca. 11-13 Stunden Schlaf pro Nacht empfohlen werden. Der Anteil an REM Schlaf sinkt hierbei auf circa 35%. Die Empfehlungen für Grundschulkinder sprechen für 10 bis 11 Stunden Schlaf pro Nacht (16;17) und für Jugendliche wird ein Schlafbedürfnis von ca. 9 Stunden berichtet (15). Erwachsene benötigen ungefähr 8 Stunden Schlaf pro Nacht und mit steigendem Alter kehren Menschen zum polyphasischen Schlafmuster zurück, wobei die kumulative Schlafdauer über den Tag verteilt in der Regel keinen großen Veränderungen unterliegt (15). BIOLOGISCHE MECHANISMEN Als Ursache des Zusammenhangs zwischen Schlafdauer und Körpermasse werden mehrere, möglicherweise konkurrierende Mechanismen diskutiert. Im Folgenden werden die verschiedenen Hypothesen und die zugrunde liegenden biologischen Zusammenhänge dargestellt. Die wohl intuitivste Hypothese in Bezug auf den Zusammenhang zwischen Schlaf und Übergewicht geht davon aus, dass verhaltensbezogene Mechanismen der Assoziation Chapter 4 Sleep duration and overweight in different stages of life 58 zugrunde liegen. Demnach haben Menschen in einer Umgebung mit Nahrungsüberfluss, wenn sie weniger schlafen, schlicht mehr Zeit, um Nahrung aufzunehmen (18). In einer Studie bei erwachsenen Männern konnte dieser simple Zusammenhang nicht bestätigt werden (19). Untersuchungen bei Jugendlichen zeigten hingegen einen erhöhten Konsum von fetthaltigen Lebensmitteln bei Teilnehmern mit kurzer Schlafdauer (20). Ferner wird berichtet, dass Schlafmangel mit verminderter Impulskontrolle und einer reduzierten Fähigkeit zur Gratifikationsverzögerung einhergeht, was wiederum mit vermehrter Nahrungsaufnahme in Verbindung gebracht wird (21). Für eine gegensätzliche Richtung der Assoziation zwischen Schlafdauer und Körpermasse spricht die Beobachtung, dass das Gehirn als bedeutender Glukoseverbraucher im Schlaf weniger Glukose aufnimmt (22). Dies würde für einen geringeren BMI bei Personen mit kurzer Schlafdauer sprechen. Weitere Hypothesen beziehen sich vor allem auf endokrine Faktoren, die als Mediatoren zwischen Schlaf und Gewichtszunahme diskutiert werden. Eines der in diesem Zusammenhang diskutierten Hormone ist Somatotropin (STH) (23;24), ein im Hypophysenvorderlappen gebildetes Peptidhormon, welches das Wachstum fördert und im Non-REM-Schlaf sezerniert wird. Dies könnte bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Schlafmangel zu einer kleineren Körpergröße und somit zu einem höheren BMI (Körpergewicht/Körpergröße2) führen. Allerdings fand sich in den Daten des Kinderund Jugendgesundheitssurveys 2003-2006 (KiGGS) kein Zusammenhang zwischen Größe und altersadjustierter Schlafdauer (25), was gegen diese Hypothese spricht. Ein anderer möglicher Einfluss von STH auf das Körperfett besteht in der Modulation der Lipoproteinlipase-Aktivität (26). Lipoproteinlipase ist ein Enzym, das beim Transfer von Fett aus Transportproteinen im Fettgewebe eine Schlüsselrolle spielt (27). Durch Schlafmangel erniedrigtes STH, konsekutive Disinhibition und damit vermehrte Aktivitä

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2020

[175] Association between Self-Reported Sleep Duration and Dietary Nutrients in Korean Adolescents: A Population-Based Study Jee Hyun Lee, ..., and W. H. Seo Children 2020 - 6 citations - Show abstract - Cite

95.1%

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2012

[176] Sleep duration and overweight/obesity in children: review and implications for pediatric nursing. Jianghong Liu, ..., and Linda Li Journal for specialists in pediatric nursing : JSPN 2012 - 80 citations - Show abstract - Cite

95.0%

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2018

[177] Sleep and Obesity Chenzhao Ding, ..., and A. Kong Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome 2018 - 26 citations - Show abstract - Cite

94.9%

116.3

2008

[178] Meta-analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults. F. Cappuccio, ..., and Michelle A. Miller Sleep 2008 - 1867 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: BACKGROUND Recent epidemiological studies suggest that short sleep duration may be associated with the development of obesity from childhood to adulthood. OBJECTIVES To assess whether the evidence supports the presence of a relationship between short sleep duration and obesity at different ages, and to obtain an estimate of the risk. METHODS We performed a systematic search of publications using MEDLINE (1996-2007 wk 40), EMBASE (from 1988), AMED (from 1985), CINHAL (from 1982) and PsycINFO (from 1985) and manual searches without language restrictions. When necessary, authors were contacted. Criteria for inclusion were: report of duration of sleep as exposure, BMI as continuous outcome and prevalence of obesity as categorical outcome, number of participants, age, and gender. Results were pooled using a random effect model. Sensitivity analysis was performed, heterogeneity and publication bias were also checked. Results are expressed as pooled odds ratios (OR [95% confidence intervals, CIs]) and as pooled regression coefficients (beta; 95% CIs). RESULTS Of 696 studies identified, 45 met the inclusion criteria (19 in children and 26 in adults) and 30 (12 and 18, respectively) were pooled in the meta-analysis for a total of 36 population samples. They included 634,511 participants (30,002 children and 604,509 adults) from around the world. Age ranged from 2 to 102 years and included boys, girls, men and women. In children the pooled OR for short duration of sleep and obesity was 1.89 (1.46 to 2.43; P < 0.0001). In adults the pooled OR was 1.55 (1.43 to 1.68; P < 0.0001). There was no evidence of publication bias. In adults, the pooled beta for short sleep duration was -0.35 (-0.57 to -0.12) unit change in BMI per hour of sleep change. CONCLUSIONS Cross-sectional studies from around the world show a consistent increased risk of obesity amongst short sleepers in children and adults. Causal inference is difficult due to lack of control for important confounders and inconsistent evidence of temporal sequence in prospective studies.

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2014

[179] OP65 Duration of sleep at 3 years of age is associated with fat, lean and bone mass at 4 years of age: findings from the Southampton Women’s Survey J. Baird, ..., and H. Inskip Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2014 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Background Short sleep duration in childhood is associated with raised body mass index (BMI) suggesting that strategies to improve sleep might decrease obesity. Evidence suggests the relationship is due to an effect of sleep on adiposity but few studies have explored the relationship of sleep with other components of body composition. This study examined the relationship of childhood sleep with fat, lean and bone mass. Methods We examined the relationship of sleep duration at age 3 years with body composition at 4 years within the Southampton Women’s Survey, a population-based cohort study of 12,500 women aged 20–34 years. Women who became pregnant and their children (n = 3140) were followed up. Mothers reported the time their child went to sleep at night and woke in the morning at age 3 and the length of daytime naps. Total sleep, in hours and minutes, was derived from these data. Fat, lean and bone mass were derived from a dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) whole body scan at 4 years of age in a subset of children. The relationship of sleep and body composition was assessed in multiple regression analyses, adjusting for the influence of potential confounding factors; regression coefficients (β) are standard deviation changes in DXA measurements per hour of sleep. Results Mean total sleep duration of 898 children (475 boys, 425 girls) who had a DXA scan was 11.5 h. Sleep duration had a significant inverse association with BMI such that children who slept for shorter periods at 3 years had higher BMI at 4 years. In analyses adjusted for confounding factors including maternal educational attainment, pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking during pregnancy, child’s age, sex, height at DXA, age last breastfed, dietary quality at 3 years, TV watching and hours actively on the move, sleep duration was significantly inversely associated with BMI (β=-0.2366, 95% CI -0.3724, -0.1007) and fat mass (β=-0.1188, 95% CI -0.2288, -0.0089) but also with lean mass (β=-0.1287, 95% CI -0.2142, -0.0434) and volumetric bone mineral density (β=-0.0039, 95% CI -0.0075, -0.0004). Conclusion Consistent with other research, shorter sleep was associated with greater BMI and fat mass. We also found, however, that shorter sleep duration was associated with greater lean and bone mass suggesting that the relationship between sleep and BMI is not determined by an effect on adiposity alone.

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2020

[180] Associations of short sleep duration with appetite‐regulating hormones and adipokines: A systematic review and meta‐analysis Jianfei Lin, ..., and F. Jiang Obesity Reviews 2020 - 47 citations - Show abstract - Cite

94.5%

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2018

[181] [The associations between nighttime sleep duration, bedtime and preschool children's obesity]. L. Jiang, ..., and F. Tao Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine] 2018 - 4 citations - Show abstract - Cite

94.5%

19.3

2012

[182] Does inadequate sleep play a role in vulnerability to obesity? K. Knutson American Journal of Human Biology 2012 - 233 citations - Show abstract - Cite

94.5%

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2016

[183] Association Between Objectively Sleep Pattern and Obesity in the Elderly Shima Abdollahi, ..., and K. Djafarian https://doi.org/10.22100/IJHS.V2I2.92 2016 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

94.4%

9.0

2016

[184] Social jet lag, chronotype and body mass index in 14–17-year-old adolescents S. Malone, ..., and T. Lipman Chronobiology International 2016 - 70 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: ABSTRACT The relationship between sleep duration and obesity in adolescents is inconclusive. This may stem from a more complex relationship between sleep and obesity than previously considered. Shifts toward evening preferences, later sleep–wake times and irregular sleep–wake patterns are typical during adolescence but their relationship to body mass index (BMI) has been relatively unexplored. This cross-sectional study examined associations between sleep duration, midpoint of sleep and social jet lag (estimated from 7 days of continuous actigraphy monitoring), and morningness/eveningness with BMIs (BMI z-scores) and waist-to-height ratios in 14–17-year-old adolescents. Seventy participants were recruited from ninth and tenth grades at a public high school. Participants’ characteristics were as follows: 74% female, 75% post-pubertal, 36% Hispanic, 38% White, 22% Black, 4% Asian and 64% free/reduced lunch participants with a mean age of 15.5 (SD, 0.7). Forty-one percent of the participants were obese (BMI ≥ 95th percentile); 54% were abdominally obese (waist-to-height ratio ≥ 0.5). Multivariable general linear models were used to estimate the association between the independent variables (school night sleep duration, free night sleep duration, midpoint of sleep (corrected), social jet lag and morningness/eveningness) and the dependent variables (BMI z-scores and waist-to-height ratios). Social jet lag is positively associated with BMI z-scores (p < 0.01) and waist-to-height ratios (p = 0.01). Midpoint of sleep (corrected) is positively associated with waist-to-height ratios (p = 0.01). After adjusting for social jet lag, school night sleep duration was not associated with waist-to-height ratios or BMI z-scores. Morningness/eveningness did not moderate the association between sleep duration and BMI z-scores. Findings from this study suggest that chronobiological approaches to preventing and treating obesity may be important for accelerating progress in reducing obesity rates in adolescents.

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2016

[185] Investigation of Self-Reported Sleep Duration on Waist-to-Height Ratio Measures of Obesity Ruth Sánchez Journal Not Provided 2016 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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2012

[186] 47 Both Short and Long Sleep Duration maybe Associated with Childhood Obesity S. Li Archives of Disease in Childhood 2012 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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2023

[187] Wake up! It's time to recognize the importance of sleep in metabolic health Faris M. Zuraikat, ..., and M. St-Onge Obesity 2023 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

94.0%

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2021

[188] 636 Associations among sleep, physical activity and high body mass index in youth: Age differences Xiaopeng Ji, ..., and Janeese A. Brownlow Sleep 2021 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Short sleep duration is associated with overweight and obesity. Less clear is how sleep regularity and physical activity interact with sleep duration in predicting overweight across adolescent stages. This study examined interactions between (1) sleep duration and regularity, and (2) sleep duration and physical activity on overweight in preadolescents (10–11 years), early (12–14), and middle (15–17 years) adolescents. Using the National Survey of Children’s Health 2017–2018 dataset, we included youth with sleep, physical activity and overweight data available (n=25,875) in the analyses. Parents reported their children’s sleep duration, sleep regularity and physical activity (>60 min/day) frequency per week. High Body Mass Index (BMI, ≥85th percentile) for age and sex indicated overweight/obesity. Accounting for complex survey design and covariates (age, sex, race, poverty, and resilience), separate logistic regression models (STATA 16.0) estimated the associations in preadolescents, early and middle adolescents. Preadolescents had the highest odds of high BMI compared to other age groups (OR= 0.64 and 0.78, p<0.001). Every hour increase in sleep duration was associated with 4–18% decrease in the odds of having high BMI, with the highest magnitude shown in preadolescents (OR=0.82, p<0.001), followed by adolescents aged 12–14 (OR=0.89, p<0.001) and 15–17 years old (OR=0.96, p=0.04). For preadolescents, irregular sleep (OR=1.41, p<0.001) and physical activity (OR=0.83, p=0.03) modified the association between sleep duration and BMI. Specifically, the association was attenuated or even reversed among irregular sleepers (OR=1.09, p=0.27) compared with regular sleepers (OR=0.77, p<0.001). Preadolescents with regular physical activity (≥4 days/week) showed stronger associations (OR=0.74, p<0.001) between sleep duration and BMI than their counterparts (OR=0.89, p=0.01). Sleep regularity was not associated with BMI nor a modifier in other age groups. Although there was no interaction with sleep duration, regular physical activity was independently associated with decreased odds of having high BMI (OR=0.62, p<0.001) in early and middle adolescents. The relationship between lifestyle factors (i.e., sleep duration and physical activity) and BMI varies by age groups. Sufficient sleep duration, regular bedtimes and physical activity represent resilience factors against overweight/obesity, especially in preadolescents who are at greater risk for high BMI. N/A

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2022

[189] Association of sleep duration and sleep quality with body mass index among young adults Preeti Gupta, ..., and M. Banerjee Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 2022 - 7 citations - Show abstract - Cite

93.9%

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2011

[190] Preventing childhood obesity: wake up, it's time for sleep! Michelle-Marie Peña and E. Taveras Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2011 - 7 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: The obesity epidemic continues to be a major public health concern in the United States, with the prevalence of childhood obesity tripling since 1980.1 Obesity in childhood is associated with both short- and long-term adverse outcomes.2 Children who are obese tend to become obese adults,3 and, once present, obesity is notoriously hard to treat.4 The obesity epidemic has been paralleled by a similar epidemic of sleep deprivation. Across infancy, childhood, and adolescence, evidence suggests a decrease in sleep duration ranging from 30 to 60 minutes over the last 20 years, due largely in part to later bedtimes.5,6 Sleep duration has been implicated as a potential risk factor for obesity. Several experimental and epidemiological studies in adults and children have reported an association between short sleep duration and increased body mass index (BMI). The study by Drescher et al.7 adds to this literature by showing a relationship between parent-reported total sleep time (TST) and BMI z-score among children 10-17 years of age. In this cross-sectional study, Drescher et al. found that decreased parent-reported TST was associated with higher standardized BMI. Although the cross-sectional design limits the ability to examine causality, the study had several strengths, including a diverse sample of children participating in a community-based cohort study, research-level measures of height and weight, use of both questionnaires and polysomnography to measure sleep, and careful measurement of physical activity and screen time. Prevention and treatment of childhood obesity are national priorities, and potentially effective intervention strategies are critically needed to address the alarming increase of obesity prevalence in today's youth. The consistent association across adult and childhood studies of short sleep duration and high BMI suggests that modifying sleep duration may aid in decreasing the risk of obesity. The high prevalence of sleep insufficiency in adolescence and the inverse association between parent-reported total sleep time and BMI z-score reported by Drescher et al. also lend support to the importance of sleep as a key component of a healthy lifestyle and weight maintenance throughout the lifecourse. Despite the increasing evidence relating sleep duration and obesity, few interventions have reported attempts to improve childhood sleep duration and quality to prevent obesity, and more information is needed about potential intervention strategies to improve sleep. Drescher et al. identify two potential age-specific targets for sleep interventions, i.e., caffeine consumption and electronic screen time. Today's youth spends more time using media devices than ever before, and 71% of 8- to 18-year-old children have televisions in their bedrooms.8 Results reported by Drescher et al. suggest that lessening the amount of screen time to increase sleep duration may be an effective strategy for pre-adolescents less than 13 years old. Caffeine intake provides another interesting possible means to modify sleep duration. Due to caffeine's ubiquitous presence in everyday life and its inverse relationship with parent-reported total sleep time in children 13 years of age and older as reported by Drescher et al., decreasing caffeine use provides an additional way to address sleep insufficiency in older adolescents. Targeting caffeine and screen media could be potential intervention strategies for improving sleep duration among school age children and possibly also preventing obesity. Identifying determinants of short sleep and obesity can also inform the design of interventions for high-risk populations. The disproportionate prevalence of obesity among racial/ethnic minorities of all ages has been widely documented, and studies have found racial/ethnic differences in many related risk factors in children including short sleep duration.9 Drescher et al. found that Hispanic adolescents had significantly higher BMI z-scores compared to their white counterparts and had significantly shorter parent-reported total sleep time. Thus, it is possible that targeting sleep duration may be a particularly effective strategy for obesity prevention among minority populations. In summary, the study by Drescher et al. suggests it is time for obesity prevention efforts to “wake up” and consider the important role of sleep, which has largely been overlooked in traditional childhood obesity prevention discussions.

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[191] Sleep duration, quality, or stability and obesity in an urban family medicine center. E. Logue, ..., and P. Dudley Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2014 - 38 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: PURPOSE Inadequate sleep has negative metabolic consequences that may contribute to obesity. A priori hypotheses posit relationships between sleep characteristics, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, appetite, fatigue, and obesity in laboratory, clinical, and population settings. There are few reports from primary care; and none that address sleep duration, quality, and stability. This study examines the relationship between three sleep characteristics-duration, quality, or stability-and obesity in our urban hospital affiliated family medicine center in Akron, Ohio. METHODS A systematic sampling process yielded 225 representative patients who completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Berlin Apnea Questionnaire, and the Sleep Timing Questionnaire. Demographic, body mass, hypertension, and insurance data were obtained from the electronic medical record. Associations between self-reported sleep characteristics and obesity were examined via contingency tables and regression models. RESULTS Seventy-eight percent (78%) reported poor quality sleep, 59% had elevated Berlin apnea-risk scores, 12% reported restless legs symptoms, and 9% reported a prior diagnosis of sleep apnea; 62% were obese. We found significant (p < 0.05) associations between sleep quality, duration or bedtime stability, and obesity. The association between sleep quality and obesity was negative and linear (69%, 72%, 56%, 43%), while the association between sleep duration and obesity was U-shaped (74%, 53%, 53%, 62%; linear term p = 0.02 and quadratic term p = 0.03). Less stable bedtimes during the week (OR = 2.3, p = 0.008) or on the weekend (OR = 1.8, p = 0.04) were also associated with obesity. The association between sleep quality and obesity was not explained by patient demographics or snoring (ORadj = 2.2; p = 0.008). CONCLUSION This study adds to the sparse literature on the relationship between three self-reported sleep characteristics and obesity in urban primary care settings which typically differ from both general population and specialty outpatient settings.

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[192] Sleep disturbances, body fat distribution, food intake and/or energy expenditure: pathophysiological aspects M. St-Onge and A. Shechter Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation 2014 - 71 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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2017

[193] Sleep Loss: Risk Of Obesity And Type 2 Diabetes No author found Journal Not Provided 2017 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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2018

[194] Long sleep duration predicts a higher risk of obesity in adults: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Wenjia Liu, ..., and J. Moore Journal of public health 2018 - 25 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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2021

[195] Associations between Obesity and Sleep Quality among Older Adults in a Health Center in Iran Maryam Baradaran Binazir Current Research in Diabetes & Obesity Journal 2021 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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2007

[196] Short sleep times predict obesity in internal medicine clinic patients. D. Buscemi, ..., and K. Nugent Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2007 - 38 citations - Show abstract - Cite

92.2%

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2011

[197] Dietary patterns only partially explain the effect of short sleep duration on the incidence of obesity 西浦千尋 Journal Not Provided 2011 - 5 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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2016

[198] Duration of sleep at 3 years of age is associated with fat and fat‐free mass at 4 years of age: the Southampton Women's Survey J. Baird, ..., and H. Inskip Journal of Sleep Research 2016 - 26 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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2021

[199] Obesity, Fasting Blood Sugar, Triglyceride and Physical Activity in Association With Sleep Quality in Iranian Adults in 2019 Mazyar Haghgoo, ..., and Samira Rabiei https://doi.org/10.21203/RS.3.RS-141320/V1 2021 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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4.9

2011

[200] Obesity and short sleep: unlikely bedfellows? J. Horne Obesity Reviews 2011 - 64 citations - Show abstract - Cite

91.5%

49.4

2004

[201] Leptin levels are dependent on sleep duration: relationships with sympathovagal balance, carbohydrate regulation, cortisol, and thyrotropin. K. Spiegel, ..., and E. van Cauter The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2004 - 966 citations - Show abstract - Cite

91.4%

0.0

2021

[202] The Link of Sleep Duration and Sleep Quality with Body Mass Index among Young Adults Preeti Gupta, ..., and V. Gupta Journal Not Provided 2021 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

91.4%

7.5

2012

[203] Short sleep duration and its association with energy metabolism L. Klingenberg, ..., and J. Chaput Obesity Reviews 2012 - 89 citations - Show abstract - Cite

90.5%

0.0

2011

[204] Children: Stay Asleep and Stay Lean M. Stein NEJM Journal Watch 2011 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

89.7%

16.3

2008

[205] Increasing sleep duration for a healthier (and less obese?) population tomorrow. T. Young Sleep 2008 - 262 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: EVER-INCREASING REPORTS LINKING SHORT SLEEP DURATION WITH INCREASED OBESITY HAVE PROMPTED HEATED DEBATES, EDITORIALS, AND MANY NEWS reports. With the current demand for rapid “bench to bedside” translation of research findings, the short sleep-obesity link has been widely disseminated already. The general public, health providers, and policy makers have practical questions: Does sleeping too little make you fat? Can you lose weight by sleeping longer? After nearly 700 studies, what answers can the field of sleep research offer? Cappuccio and colleagues1 have done the heavy lifting for us by gleaning the literature and abstracting data on 634,511 participants from 30 studies. The aims of their report, in this issue of Sleep, were to assess whether evidence solidly supports an association of short sleep duration and obesity, and to quantify the association using pooled data. The meta-analysis results, using dichotomous variables for sleep duration and obesity, show that compared with children sleeping >10 hours, those sleeping 10 or fewer hours/night have 89% greater odds of being obese (OR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.47−2.43, P 5 hours have 55% greater odds of being obese (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.43−1.68, P < 0.0001). Regression analyses with continuous variables using pooled data on adults predicted that a 1-hour/night increase in sleep was associated with a decrease of 0.35 BMI units. The authors concluded that there is consistent evidence for an increased risk of obesity with short sleep duration, but that a causal link is unproven. More prospective studies incorporating repeated measures of sleep duration and rigorous control for confounders were recommended. The authors' answer to questions about increasing sleep to lose weight would likely be “we do not know yet.” Also in this issue of Sleep is a letter from Horne expressing his consternation that the sleep-obesity link, even if causal, has been overrated in importance.2 In his letter, “Too weighty a link between short sleep and obesity,” he touches on key points common to any risk factor reduction strategy. Horne notes that the prevalence of the “exposure” is low (few people are short sleepers), the effect size is small, and suggests other outcomes of short sleep (e.g., accidents) are worse than a slight weight gain. My guess is that his answer to the individual wondering if they can sleep away their obesity would be “no.” The comprehensive review article by Cappuccio and colleagues1 and the letter to the editor by Horne2 underscore the tough issues in translating study findings into action and provide an opportunity to step outside the clinical box and consider determinants of population health. The leap from published findings to policy has always been contentious, cheered on by advocates and delayed by objective purists waiting for a better model fit.3 In addition to the soundness of findings, other factors weigh in on whether or not policy change and population initiatives are warranted, or if more research is needed. Let us consider the feasibility of increasing sleep to decrease obesity from the broader population perspective, for example, as seen by federal agencies developing Healthy People 2020 (see www.healthypeople.gov)—a program to set goals for improved population health with an emphasis on obesity in children—or policy makers considering regulation of work schedules that curtail sleep duration. Central to the goal of assessing the benefit of risk factor reduction is whether the factor has a causal role in the outcome. Cappuccio et al1 conclude that a causal link has not been proven. But, can this ever really be achieved? Causal inference in epidemiology—much simpler in the previous era of infectious diseases with necessary and sufficient causes—has evolved into a maze of argumentation, rooted in the history and philosophy of science, with no bottom line.4 Earlier schemes and checklists for scientific inferences are flawed in light of the complexity of biologic associations with gene-environment interactions and an ever-changing socioeconomic context. Biomedical scientists, described as “practitioners who use a variety of criteria to evaluate data in conditions that provide less than total certainty” must deal with a gradient in level of certainty for causality. And researchers have differed in where they set the level for the sleep-obesity link, with some concluding that there is sufficient evidence for causality and initiation of prevention strategies.5 With even a modest level of causal evidence, how compelling is the case for increasing sleep duration as a strategy to decrease obesity? Overweight and obesity are high on the list of predictors of poor health; diabetes, sleep apnea, hypertension, and other significant disorders have been attributed to excess weight.6 Although obesity is reversible, voluntary weight loss is difficult to sustain. Thus, preventing some fraction of obesity prevalence would be a great benefit to population health. With reduction of obesity a worthy goal, can “increased sleep” make enough of a difference? Horne2 is underwhelmed with the magnitude of the sleep-obesity link. Questioning the importance of small effect sizes is not uncommon. Reaction to findings that some risk factor causes an elevation of 3–4 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure with P < 0.001, often goes like this—“yes, it's statistically significant, but is it clinically significant?” What is missing is the consideration of whether the effect is of public health significance. Geoffrey Rose, a British epidemiologist and pioneer in prevention, clarified the distinction between “individual” and “population” in interpreting effect sizes.7 Study findings from samples of individuals are average values that express the mean of a target population; Rose stressed the value of small shifts in those population means toward healthier values. Consider the meta-analysis estimate1 that sleeping one extra hour would lower the average BMI of adults by 0.35 units, equivalent to 1–3 kg of weight depending on height. Clinically important on an individual level? No, but definitely of public health significance. Rose and Day8 demonstrated with data from 32 countries, collected in 1988, that a reduction of just 1 kg in the mean weight of a typical European population (e.g., mean BMI = 25) was equivalent to a decline in the prevalence of overweight from 6% to 4%: a reduction of 33%. This benefit would be more dramatic in the US today, where the BMI distribution has a mean of 28 and a disproportionately extended tail of extreme obesity. Prevalence of the risk factor is an important component in extrapolating the impact of a particular effect size. Horne notes 5% to 8% of adults are short sleepers, and expresses with various comparisons why he believes that the reduction of obesity attributable to increasing sleep would be trivial.2 Citing study findings of a 2-fold increased prevalence of obesity for children sleeping 10 hours/night, he correctly pointed to the less impressive results when expressed as absolute, rather than relative differences: 6% of obese children were short sleepers compared to 3.6% of the non-obese. Stressing that relatively few obese people are short sleepers and few short sleepers are obese, he implies that overall little benefit in terms of obesity could be gained by changing sleep duration. Recall, however, that not all smokers get lung cancer, and lung cancer has causes other than smoking. With a standard formula,9 I calculated the population attributable risk for children and adults, based on exposure prevalence from published data that 5% to 15% of children10 and 5% to 8% of adults are short sleepers2 and the pooled odds ratios1 (1.9 for children and 1.6 for adults). The results indicate that 5% to 13% of the total proportion of obesity in children and 3% to 5% in adults, could be attributable to short sleep. A reduction of at least 5% of the population burden of obesity would be of clear public health significance. Enthusiasm for gambling on a risk reduction strategy with only modest causal evidence should be tempered by the cost-benefit ratio. The benefits of reducing short sleep extend far beyond a reduction in obesity, as Horne pointed out,2 and costs are minimal: loss of an hour or so of wake time among those spending 19 or more hours awake per day. With public health in mind, need we delay attempts to increase sleep duration in short sleepers as a population goal until we have more longitudinal data? Undoubtedly, better studies will be conducted, effect sizes will be more precise, and casual certainty will be fine-tuned. In the meantime, with 700 studies behind us and well summarized by Cappuccio and colleagues,1 certainty that short sleep is not healthy, that short sleepers are more likely to be obese, (with a good chance that short sleep is the culprit in a meaningful number of children and adults), we do have enough to advocate for population-targeted educational initiatives and policies to increase sleep duration as a means of reducing obesity. No, I would not tell an individual that they can sleep away their obesity, but, with a moderate degree of certainty, I expect that if short sleepers increase their sleep time, the population as a whole will be healthier and rank lower in mean BMI. In the words of one renown for his logic, “the needs of the many outweigh the needs of the one” (Spock, Wrath of Khan, 1982).

89.4%

21.0

2012

[206] Sleep restriction leads to increased activation of brain regions sensitive to food stimuli. M. St-Onge, ..., and J. Hirsch The American journal of clinical nutrition 2012 - 255 citations - Show abstract - Cite

89.2%

2.5

2010

[207] Obesity and sleep: a bidirectional association? A. Vgontzas, ..., and M. Basta Sleep 2010 - 35 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SLEEP DISORDERS AND OBESITY HAS BEEN RECOGNIZED FOR MANY YEARS. FROM THE FIRST DESCRIPTION OF JOE THE “Fat Boy” who fell asleep in any situation at any time of day (The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens), to the large sophisticated studies in clinical and general populations, the association of sleep apnea and obesity has proven to be one of the most well-established facts in the sleep medicine literature. In 2004-2005, the field was jolted by a series of publications on the association of short sleep duration and obesity. Several epidemiologic studies showed a consistent association between self-reported sleep duration and body mass index (BMI),1–2 whereas experimental laboratory studies showed that curtailment of sleep in healthy subjects leads to increased appetite and reduction of leptin, a hormone that suppresses appetite.3 The message from these novel findings was simple and exciting, “Sleep more and you will lose weight.” This message also had a significant public health impact, given the epidemic of obesity that Western countries have been experiencing since at least the 1980s. Most of these population studies were based on self-reported sleep duration. To better understand the nature of this association, we examined who among obese individuals report short sleep and what their clinical profiles and characteristics are4 using a large Penn State Cohort. In our study, consistent with most previous reports, obese individuals reported short sleep duration. In addition, they reported a higher incidence of subjective sleep disturbances (47.4% vs 25.5%, P < 0.01) and scored higher for chronic emotional stress than did nonobese subjects. Notably, self-reported sleep duration did not differ between obese and nonobese individuals without subjective sleep disturbances, whereas obese individuals who had sleep complaints scored higher in chronic emotional stress, compared with obese individuals who did not have sleep complaints. The shortest sleep duration was reported by the obese subjects with insomnia (5.9 h), followed by obese individuals with excessive daytime sleepiness (6.3 h) or sleep difficulty (6.6 h). The effect of chronic emotional stress was stronger than that of the BMI on the reported sleep duration, with a synergistic effect between the 2 factors. We concluded that short sleep duration is reported by obese individuals who are unhappy with their sleep and are chronically stressed. Notably, at the same time, other large epidemiologic studies suggested that self-reported short sleep is influenced by social stressors, such as socioeconomic and minority status,5 and unhealthy behaviors (i.e., cigarette smoking, consuming 4 or more alcoholic drinks per day, and lack of physical activity).6 This raised the possibility that self-reported short sleep duration is a marker of sleep complaints and chronic psychosocial stress, which should be the target of our preventative and therapeutic strategies.7 Since self-reported sleep duration appears to be influenced by many factors, the interests of several investigators naturally shifted toward examining the association of objective sleep duration and BMI. The first 3 studies found no association or a very weak association between objective sleep duration and BMI.1,4,8 Two more recent studies using actigraphy reported an association between sleep duration and obesity in elderly community samples; however, the results were weakened after controlling for several confounders.9–10 The study by Theorell-Haglow and colleagues in this issue of SLEEP,11 is the first using full-night polysomnography to demonstrate a significant inverse association between sleep duration and waist circumference, a marker of central obesity in 400 middle-aged women.11 Furthermore, duration of slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep were both inversely related to abdominal obesity. These results are significant because they are based on a population sample, using objective sleep measures, and the association with abdominal obesity is very important given the strong evidence linking this type of obesity with cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality. A limitation in the Theorell-Haglow et al. study11 is that there are no data on the potentially modifying effect of stress and sleep complaints. Interestingly, we have observed that objective sleep abnormalities in obese individuals are strongly associated with emotional stress, whereas, in the absence of sleep complaints or stress, sleep and its structure are not different from those of nonobese control subjects.7 Furthermore, the results of the study by Theorell-Haglow and colleagues are cross-sectional and do not allow any inference about causality. In fact, in 1994 and 199812–13 we reported that the polysomnographically recorded sleep of morbidly obese patients was affected in a very similar way to that reported by Theorell-Haglow et al.11 Again, this study was cross-sectional, and the direction of the association could not be inferred. Although cross-sectional studies cannot answer the question about the direction of the association between sleep duration and obesity, longitudinal and intervention studies may shed some light. A recent study using actigraphy, cross-sectionally confirmed the previously noted association between short sleep and BMI; however, it failed to show a prospective association between baseline objective sleep duration and development of obesity after 5 years.14 Furthermore, correction of objective sleep and its structure by the use of continuous positive airway pressure failed to improve weight in a clinical sample of men and women with apnea who were followed for 1 year.15 In fact, women and those with higher continuous positive airway pressure compliance gained weight' Similar findings were reported in 2006 by Quan in Washington, DC, at the National Sleep Foundation meeting.16 Clearly, these first findings do not support a simplistic model (i.e., sleep more, increase your slow-wave sleep or rapid eye movement sleep, and you will lose weight). Do these early findings suggest that objective measures are irrelevant to our health? Recent studies have shown that, in chronic insomnia or poor sleep, objective sleep duration is a strong predictor of cardiometabolic morbidity (e.g., hypertension, diabetes).17–18 Given that about 50% of obese people complain about the quality of their sleep, it is possible that, in these individuals, objective short or disturbed sleep may be a very useful predictor of cardiometabolic morbidity, which is increased in the obese. We do not have any doubt that sleep and obesity are strongly connected. The nature and the direction of this association requires further studies—longitudinal, interventional, or both—and using measures from multiple domains, including sleep (both objective and subjective), stress (physiologic, emotional, and social), and mental and physical health. In the meantime, the credibility of our field will be better served if we become comfortable with the suggestion that the obesity epidemic requires a multidimensional approach—that is, stress management, reduction of risky behaviors, promotion of healthy lifestyle at both an individual and a community level, and, of course, better quality and, in some instances, greater quantity of sleep.

89.1%

None

[208] Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Interacting Epidemics? Sleep Curtailment, Insulin Resistance, and Obesity A. N. Acad, ..., and G. Cizza Journal Not Provided None - 173 citations - Show abstract - Cite

89.0%

0.9

2013

[209] The Association Between Short Sleep Duration and Body Mass Index Among South Korean Children and Adolescents Sunhee Park The Journal of School Nursing 2013 - 10 citations - Show abstract - Cite

88.3%

0.0

2020

[210] Longitudinal Assessment of Sleep Trajectories during Early Childhood and Their Association with Obesity Jill L. Kaar, ..., and Stacey L. Simon Journal Not Provided 2020 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

87.8%

1.0

2022

[211] Gender-Specific Association Between Sleep Duration and Body Mass Index in Rural China L. Ren, ..., and L. Pei Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022 - 2 citations - Show abstract - Cite

86.4%

0.0

2023

[212] Relationship Between Sleep Deprivation and the Incidence of Overweight or Obesity in Chinese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies Hao Xue, ..., and Chao Lai Journal of Innovations in Medical Research 2023 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

86.4%

0.0

2008

[213] DuraTiOn anD WEigHT Meta-Analysis of Short Sleep Duration and Obesity in Children and Adults F. Cappuccio, ..., and Michelle A. Miller Journal Not Provided 2008 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

86.1%

0.0

2021

[214] Association between Short Hours of Sleep and Overweight/Obesity in Mexican Adolescent Population: A School-Based Cross-Sectional Study A. Fresán, ..., and H. Nicolini Healthcare 2021 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

85.6%

3.3

2011

[215] Longitudinal associations between reported sleep duration in early childhood and the development of body mass index, fat mass index and fat free mass index until age 7. K. Diethelm, ..., and A. Buyken International journal of pediatric obesity : IJPO : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 2011 - 43 citations - Show abstract - Cite

85.3%

1.1

2019

[216] Sleep duration and apolipoprotein B in metabolically healthy and unhealthy overweight/obese phenotypes: a cross-sectional study in Chinese adults Huihui Ren, ..., and G. Yuan BMJ Open 2019 - 6 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Objectives Short sleep duration is independently associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease; however, the association has not yet been examined in obese populations. We assessed the associations between sleep duration, metabolic phenotype and apolipoprotein variables in a nationally representative Chinese population with overweight/obesity. Study design Cross-sectional study. Settings The study conducted in nine provinces of China that vary substantially in geography and economic development. Patients Data were obtained from 4149 adults with overweight/obesity aged 18 to 94 years from the 2009 China Health and Nutrition Survey. Sleep duration was categorised as ≤6, 7–8 or ≥9 hour. Phenotypes were determined based on body mass index and metabolic health status and categorised as metabolically healthy overweight/obesity (MHOO) and metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity (MUOO). Main outcome measure The outcome variables were elevated apolipoproteins. Results Compared with MHOO phenotype, MUOO phenotypes were more likely to report shorter sleep duration (12.2%vs9%). In the MUOO group, the multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) for elevated apolipoprotein B (apoB) was 1.66 (1.23 to 2.23) for those with ≤6 hours of sleep and 1.12 (0.86 to 1.45) for those with ≥9 hours of sleep, using 7–8 hours of sleep as a reference. Similar results were obtained in the subgroup of subjects who were ≥45 or<45 years old, but shorter sleep duration was more strongly associated with elevated apoB in those <45 years (p interaction=0.023). However, no association was observed in the MHOO phenotype. Conclusions The high prevalence of short sleep duration and its strong association with elevated apoB in adults who are metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese suggest an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in this population. The differences in sleep sufficiency among obese phenotypes may account for the disparities in their cardiovascular outcomes.

84.0%

23.8

2011

[217] Short sleep duration as a possible cause of obesity: critical analysis of the epidemiological evidence L. S. Nielsen, ..., and T. I. Sørensen Obesity Reviews 2011 - 317 citations - Show abstract - Cite

84.0%

0.2

2016

[218] The Sleep-E Study: An on-going cross-sectional study investigating associations of sleep quality and cardio-metabolic risk factors H. K. A. Khatib, ..., and J. Darzi Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2016 - 2 citations - Show abstract - Cite

83.0%

2.0

2019

[219] Longitudinal Assessment of Sleep Trajectories During Early Childhood and Their Association with Obesity. Jill L. Kaar, ..., and S. Simon Childhood obesity 2019 - 9 citations - Show abstract - Cite

79.3%

1.0

2015

[220] Association between Sleep Duration and Body Mass Index among South Korean Adolescents Bokim Lee Korean Journal of Health Promotion 2015 - 9 citations - Show abstract - Cite

78.9%

5.4

2020

[221] Sleep and Adiposity in Children From 2 to 6 Years of Age Lijuan Xiu, ..., and C. Marcus Pediatrics 2020 - 23 citations - Show abstract - Cite

78.1%

6.0

2012

[222] Association of Sleep Duration with Obesity among US High School Students R. Lowry, ..., and D. Galuska Journal of Obesity 2012 - 73 citations - Show abstract - Cite

77.5%

0.4

2022

[223] Association between indigenous status and Body Mass Index (BMI) in Australian adults: Does sleep duration affect the relationship? M. Deacon-Crouch, ..., and T. Skinner PLoS ONE 2022 - 1 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Background Overweight/obesity is a well-defined risk factor for a variety of chronic cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Sleep duration has been associated with overweight/obesity and other cardio metabolic and neurocognitive problems. Notably, overweight/obesity and many of the associated comorbidities are prevalent in Indigenous Australians. Generally, sleep duration has been associated with BMI for Australian adults but information about Australian Indigenous adults’ sleep is scant. A recent report established that sleep is a weak predictor of obesity for Indigenous Australian adults. Aim To determine whether sleep remains a predictor of obesity when physical activity, diet and smoking status are accounted for; and to determine whether sleep duration plays a mediating role in the relationship between Indigenous status and BMI. Methods Statistical analyses of 5,886 Australian adults: 5236 non-Indigenous and 650 Indigenous people aged over 18 years who participated in the Australian Health Survey 2011–2013. Demographic and lifestyle characteristics were described by χ2 and t-tests. ANOVA was used to determine the variables that significantly predicted BMI and sleep duration. Stepwise regression analyses were performed to determine the strongest significant predictors of BMI. Sleep duration was self-reported; BMI was calculated from measurement. Results The study revealed two main findings: (i) short sleep duration was an independent predictor of obesity (adjusted-R2 = 0.056, p <0.0001); and (ii) controlling for sleep duration and other possible confounders, Indigenous status was a significant predictor of BMI overweight/obesity. Sleep duration played a weak, partial mediator role in this relationship. Increased BMI was associated with lower socioeconomic status and level of disadvantage of household locality for non-remote Indigenous and non-Indigenous people. Conclusion Indigenous status strongly predicted increased BMI. The effect was not mediated by the socioeconomic indicators but was partially mediated by sleep duration.

76.0%

3.7

2020

[224] Bedtime, body mass index and obesity risk in preschool-aged children. M. Roy, ..., and R. Taylor Pediatric obesity 2020 - 15 citations - Show abstract - Cite

75.3%

1.6

2014

[225] Sleep deprivation is related to obesity and low intake of energy and carbohydrates among working Iranian adults: a cross sectional study. Kolsoom Parvaneh, ..., and M. Ismail Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition 2014 - 17 citations - Show abstract - Cite

72.0%

0.8

2011

[226] 수면시간과 비만, 열량영양소 섭취비율 및 신체 활동량과의 관련성 In-Cheol Baik and Chol Shin Journal of community nutrition 2011 - 11 citations - Show abstract - Cite

70.3%

4.4

2014

[227] Childhood sleep duration and quality in relation to leptin concentration in two cohort studies. C. Boeke, ..., and E. Taveras Sleep 2014 - 45 citations - Show abstract - Cite

70.1%

2.9

2019

[228] Association Between Self-Reported Sleep Duration and Body Composition in Middle-Aged and Older Adults. Xiao Tan, ..., and C. Benedict Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2019 - 15 citations - Show abstract - Cite

69.1%

70.8

2016

[229] Systematic review of the relationships between sleep duration and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. J. Chaput, ..., and M. Tremblay Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme 2016 - 561 citations - Show abstract - Cite

67.0%

5.7

2011

[230] Does sleep duration predict metabolic risk in obese adolescents attending tertiary services? A cross-sectional study. V. Sung, ..., and M. Wake Sleep 2011 - 74 citations - Show abstract - Cite

65.7%

6.8

2009

[231] Long sleep duration and childhood overweight/obesity and body fat C. Padez, ..., and Vítor Rosado American Journal of Human Biology 2009 - 102 citations - Show abstract - Cite

64.7%

2.7

2021

[232] Associations Between Sleep Duration, Wake-Up Time, Bedtime, and Abdominal Obesity: Results From 9559 Chinese Children Aged 7–18 Years Meijuan Liu, ..., and C. Gong Frontiers in Endocrinology 2021 - 7 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Objective To investigate the associations of sleep duration, wake-up time, bedtime, and childhood abdominal obesity, and to test whether there is a weekday/weekend difference and the potential modifying role of sex. Methods This cross-sectional study was based on the Students’ Constitution and Health Survey and included 9559 students (4840 boys and 4719 girls) aged 7–18 years (7227 aged 7–12 years, 2332 aged 13–18 years). They were divided into two groups (control group and group with abdominal obesity). The physical measurements included children and youth body height, body weight, and waist circumference (WC). A parent-report questionnaire was used to collect the information about parent characteristics as well as lifestyle and sleep patterns (sleep duration, bedtime, and wake-up time of weekdays and weekends) of children and youth. Results The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 30.57% and the percentages of sleep duration <9 hours/day, wake-up time before 07:00 am on weekdays and weekends, bedtime after 10:00 pm on weekends were significantly higher in the group with abdominal obesity. After adjusting for confounders, sleep duration <9 hours/day on weekends was inversely related to abdominal obesity in the overall subjects, regardless of their sex and age, while bedtime after 10:00 pm on weekends was inversely related to abdominal obesity only in the overall subjects, boys, and children aged 7–12 years. Logistic regression models in all subjects showed that shorter hours of weekends sleep duration were associated with greater risks of abdominal obesity, even after adjusting for all confounders, including wake-up time and bedtime. The adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of abdominal obesity (with ≥10 hours/day as the reference group) for children with 9–10 hours/day, 8–9 hours/day, and <8 hours/day of weekend sleep duration were 1.23 (1.04–1.46), 1.59 (1.32–1.91) and 1.83 (1.42–2.36), respectively. Specifically, after stratification by sex and age, this phenomenon was only observed in boys and children aged 7–12 years. Conclusions Sleep duration and bedtime on weekends were independently associated with the risk of childhood abdominal obesity, particularly in boys and children aged 7–12 years.

61.8%

6.1

2012

[233] Sex differences in the association between sleep duration, diet and body mass index: a birth cohort study Fabiola Tatone-Tokuda, ..., and J. Montplaisir Journal of Sleep Research 2012 - 72 citations - Show abstract - Cite

60.1%

0.0

2017

[234] Relationship of Sleep Duration with Obesity and Dietary Intake S. Hosseini, ..., and Meysam Alipour World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Medical, Health, Biomedical, Bioengineering and Pharmaceutical Engineering 2017 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

57.9%

15.7

2014

[235] Association of self-reported sleep duration with eating behaviors of American adults: NHANES 2005-2010. A. Kant and B. Graubard The American journal of clinical nutrition 2014 - 153 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: BACKGROUND Published evidence suggests an inverse association between sleep duration and body weight status. OBJECTIVE We examined the association of sleep duration with eating behaviors reported by adult Americans to understand the relation between sleep duration and body weight status. DESIGN This cross-sectional study used sleep duration and dietary data from the continuous NHANES conducted from 2005 to 2010 (n = 15,199, age ≥20 y). Eating behaviors examined included the following: reporting of and energy from main meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) and snacks (before breakfast, after dinner, and after 2000 h), intermeal intervals, time of day of main meal reporting, and intakes of macronutrients and beverages. Multiple regression methods were used to examine the independent association of hours of sleep duration grouped as short (≤6 h), average (7-8 h), and long (≥9 h) with eating behavior outcomes. RESULTS Relative to average-duration sleepers, a smaller percentage of short-duration sleepers mentioned breakfast, lunch (women only), and dinner in the recall (P ≤ 0.04). They also reported a lower mean percentage of energy from main meals but higher energy from all snacks (P ≤ 0.0004) and after 2000 h (P = 0.03). Short-duration sleepers reported the earliest eating time of the first episode and the latest time of the last eating episode. Absolute amounts of sugar and caffeine and percentage of energy from beverages (women only) were higher in short-duration sleepers. However, the total number of eating episodes and energy intake were not related with sleep duration. CONCLUSIONS Short-duration sleepers began eating earlier and ended their eating later in the day, but despite the longer eating period, they did not report more eating events. Profiles of the relative contribution of main meals and snacks, at or after 2000 h eating, and beverages in short-duration sleepers were suggestive of eating behaviors that may increase energy intake, but 24-h energy intake did not differ among categories of sleep duration.

56.1%

1.2

2014

[236] Modeling the Relation between Obesity and Sleep Parameters in Children Referred for Dietary Weight Reduction Intervention Rebecca Nugent, ..., and R. Raj Southern Medical Journal 2014 - 12 citations - Show abstract - Cite

51.2%

7.6

2010

[237] Dietary patterns only partially explain the effect of short sleep duration on the incidence of obesity. C. Nishiura, ..., and H. Hashimoto Sleep 2010 - 106 citations - Show abstract - Cite

47.9%

1.9

2015

[238] Associations between parent-reported sleep duration and adiposity in Chinese early adolescents. Y. Jiang, ..., and F. Jiang Journal of public health 2015 - 17 citations - Show abstract - Cite

44.5%

6.0

2015

[239] Objectively‐measured sleep and its association with adiposity and physical activity in a sample of Canadian children J. McNeil, ..., and J. Chaput Journal of Sleep Research 2015 - 55 citations - Show abstract - Cite

44.2%

0.0

2019

[240] Time spent watching television impacts on BMI in youth with obesity, but only in those with shortest sleep duration. Daniel M Golshevsky, ..., and M. Sabin Journal Not Provided 2019 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

44.1%

6.2

2015

[241] The Relationship of Sleep Duration with Obesity and Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults M. Chien, ..., and Hsi-Chung Chen Gerontology 2015 - 57 citations - Show abstract - Cite

42.3%

0.2

2012

[242] Sleep and its association with metabolic function across the lifespan T. Arora Journal Not Provided 2012 - 2 citations - Show abstract - Cite

40.7%

2.6

2016

[243] The Sleep/Wake Cycle is Directly Modulated by Changes in Energy Balance. T. Collet, ..., and S. Schmid Sleep 2016 - 20 citations - Show abstract - Cite

38.6%

0.0

2017

[244] Associations between sleep and obesity indices in Greek elderly individuals Eirini Mamalaki, ..., and M. Yannakoulia European Respiratory Journal 2017 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

34.7%

0.0

2021

[245] Overweight/obesity in students associated with short sleep duration which can be improved by nanocapsules Guobo Li, ..., and Siying Wu Materials Express 2021 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

34.6%

0.5

2014

[246] Sleep during, overweight and obesity in adolescence: a systematic review. Maritza Lordsleem Silva, ..., and Clara Maria Silvestre Monteiro de Freita Manual Therapy, Posturology & Rehabilitation Journal 2014 - 5 citations - Show abstract - Cite

34.1%

0.3

2017

[247] Analysis of the Relationship between Sleep Duration and Body Mass Index in a South Korean Adult Population: A Propensity Score Matching Approach Baksun Sung Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 2017 - 2 citations - Show abstract - Cite

30.9%

0.3

2017

[248] Relationship Between Sleep Quality and Overweight and Obesity in Women of Reproductive Age Referred to Health Centers in Yazd Fereshte Salarinia, ..., and K. Ansari International Journal of Women's Health 2017 - 2 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Sleep plays a great role in maintaining health, and sleep deprivation inappropriately affects metabolic and endocrine function (1). Short sleep has become a hallmark of modern societies in adults and children in recent years. Sleep disorder and poor quality sleep are associated with chronic pulmonary hypertensive diseases which in turn are associated with lower quality of life (2). Chronic lack of sleep due to lifestyle changes is a common problem in a modern society (3). Short-term sleep disorder or sleep restriction leads to insulin resistance (1), and short sleep duration is associated with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiac disease, obesity, and increased risk of overall mortality (4-6). The prevalence of obesity is increasing in the world. It is estimated that the number of obese people in the world was around 1.5 billion in 2012 and now is rising (7). In a review article by Flegal et al, the prevalence of obesity was 35.8% in women and 35.5% in men in the United States (8). In another review study, the prevalence of obesity was 6.2%-36.5% in women and 4%-28.3% in men in Europe (9). In a study by Moghimi-Dehkordi et al in Tehran, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 38.3% and 17.5%, respectively (10). Obesity has many social and medical outcomes and increases health care costs (11). Short sleep duration is mentioned as a risk factor for weight gain and obesity (12). According to hypotheses regarding the relationship between reduced sleep and obesity, sleep deprivation leads to hormonal changes and hence increases appetite and food intake (13,14). Sleep disorders affect neurohormones resulting in increased caloric intake which may decrease physical activity. Chronic sleep deprivation also causes fatigue and reduced physical activity in individuals. Therefore, sleep duration and quality is associated with obesity (15). Interrupted sleep in young adults results in metabolic and endocrine changes such as reduced glucose tolerance, Abstract Objectives: The present study aimed at determining the relationship between sleep quality and overweight and obesity in women of reproductive age referred to health centers and bases in Yazd in 2014-2015. Materials and Methods: A total of 450 women of reproductive age with a body mass index (BMI) of >18.5 were participated in this study and divided into 3 equal groups (n = 150) of normal weight, overweight, and obese. Instruments used in this study were the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and a socio-demographic questionnaire. Data from the questionnaires were completed by the participants and analyzed using statistical methods. Results: In this study, 66% of normal weight women of reproductive age had an acceptable sleep quality, while 77% of overweight and 93% of obese women of reproductive age had poor sleep quality, respectively. The results of this study showed that a significant correlation existed between BMI of normal weight women of reproductive age and the components of sleep quality (P = 0.001). An inverse significant relationship was also found between BMI of overweight women of reproductive age and the components of sleep quality (P < 0.05) and finally, an inverse significant relationship was also found between BMI of obese women of reproductive age and the components of sleep quality (P < 0.05). A significant relationship also existed between socio-demographic and components of sleep quality (P < 0.05). It seems that among the components of sleep quality, the effect of sleep disorder, impaired daily functioning, and consumption of hypnotic drugs was higher than sleep duration and good sleep in overweight and obesity. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that women of reproductive age with overweight and obesity have poor sleep quality. Among components of sleep quality, sleep disorder, impaired daily functioning, and consumption of hypnotic drugs have the most important role in reducing sleep quality. It seems that change in lifestyle can improve sleep quality and thus can reduce BMI.

29.2%

2.9

2011

[249] Association between sleep duration and metabolic syndrome in a population-based study: Isfahan Healthy Heart Program J. Najafian, ..., and Fatemeh Nouri Journal of Research in Medical Sciences : The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences 2011 - 37 citations - Show abstract - Cite

27.7%

0.0

2016

[250] The Relationship between sleep habits and BMI among children 6 to 11 years old in Qazvin city, Qazvin, Iran, 2014 M. Khani and Sara Rahimi Journal Not Provided 2016 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

26.7%

5.6

2018

[251] Association Between Sleep Duration, Quality and Body Mass Index in the Korean Population. S. Park, ..., and Jae-Hon Lee Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2018 - 32 citations - Show abstract - Cite

25.3%

0.0

2012

[252] Relation of Sleep and Body Mass Index in school children of Pondicherry R. Patil, ..., and Sanjeev K. Gupta Journal Not Provided 2012 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

21.6%

0.0

2023

[253] The association between self-reported nocturnal sleep duration, irregularity in daily energy intake and diet quality in a sample of Iranian adults Vida Yazdani, ..., and Sakineh Shab-Bidar Public Health Nutrition 2023 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

20.2%

7.5

2018

[254] Sleep Patterns and Quality Are Associated with Severity of Obesity and Weight-Related Behaviors in Adolescents with Overweight and Obesity. Jacqueline F. Hayes, ..., and Joanne Williams Childhood obesity 2018 - 48 citations - Show abstract - Cite

18.3%

3.6

2016

[255] Insomnia and obesity T. Crönlein Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2016 - 27 citations - Show abstract - Cite

17.5%

0.9

2016

[256] The Association Between Sleep Quality and Metabolic Factors and Anthropometric Measurements M. Khorasani, ..., and M. Javadi Biotechnology and Health Sciences 2016 - 7 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Background: Several studies have shown that sleep disorders may lead to metabolic or endocrine changes including insulin resistance, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and stroke. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between sleep quality and metabolic factors and anthropometric measurements among personnel of a central petrochemical company in Tehran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 personnel of a central petrochemical company in Tehran, during year 2015. Demographic information including age, gender, educational status, employment duration, working hours per day, marital status, smoking, medical history for disease and drug use, were collected by a questionnaire. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and also height and weight were measured by standard methods and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Pittsburg sleep quality index (PSQI) was performed to assess participants’ sleep quality. Serum concentrations of fasting glucose and lipid profiles were measured by the related biochemical kits. Logistic regression analysis was used for multivariate adjusting of factors associated with sleep quality. Results: The mean score for participants’ Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) was 4.77 ± 2.62. About 30% of participants had had bad sleep quality. A high body mass index (BMI) (P < 0.001) and high waist circumference (P = 0.016) were inversely associated with sleep quality. Serum concentration of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) (P = 0.004) and triglyceride (P = 0.001) were statistically higher in participants with lower sleep quality than with those with higher sleep quality. The group with a good sleep quality had a higher serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) than those with a poor sleep quality (P = 0.034). Being female increased the risk of poor sleep quality by 2.5 folds, and with increasing BMI (OR = 1.17) and serum triglyceride (OR = 1.02) the risk of poor sleep quality was increased. Conclusions: People with a poor sleep quality had a higher BMI, waist circumference and serum triglyceride levels and a lower HDL-c concentration. Furthermore, BMI and serum triglyceride concentration are independently associated with the score of sleep quality. Indeed, it is recommended for people to screen for sleep quality to start necessary interventions. Keywords: Sleep Quality, Lipid Profile, Serum Glucose, Body Mass Index, Insulin Resistance, Petrochemical Company

17.5%

0.0

2016

[257] Abstract MP93: Actigraphy Measured Sleep Indices and Adiposity: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Rachel P. Ogilvie, ..., and P. Lutsey Circulation 2016 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

14.0%

0.0

2019

[258] Factors Effective in Sleeping Quality of Employees Presenting to the Center for Occupational Medicine at Gonabad University of Medical Sciences for Conduct Periodic Examinations M. Saeidi, ..., and Behnam Mazlum Iranian South Medical Journal 2019 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

11.6%

0.3

2014

[259] The association between sleep and obesity and its impact on health and wellbeing Marzieh Araghi Journal Not Provided 2014 - 3 citations - Show abstract - Cite

10.4%

0.0

2019

[260] Sleep Duration and Association with Obesity: A Synthesis of Evidence Suzanne M. Holmes and Caitlin E. Pribble Journal Not Provided 2019 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

10.0%

0.0

2020

[261] A population-based cohort study on the association of dietary patterns with sleep duration: A Joint modeling by mental health status S. Hosseini, ..., and N. Sarrafzadegan https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-37401/v1 2020 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

7.1%

0.0

2008

[262] Original Contribution Correlates of Short and Long Sleep Duration: A Cross-Cultural Comparison Between the United Kingdom and the United States S. Stranges, ..., and F. Cappuccio Journal Not Provided 2008 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

6.1%

0.2

2014

[263] Abstract P110: Short And Sweet: Short Sleep Duration Is Associated With Increased Sugar Sweetened Beverage Consumption In The United States A. Prather, ..., and B. Laraia Circulation 2014 - 2 citations - Show abstract - Cite

3.7%

12.5

2018

[264] Objective Sleep Characteristics and Cardiometabolic Health in Young Adolescents Elizabeth M. Cespedes Feliciano, ..., and E. Taveras Pediatrics 2018 - 74 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Using objective measurements, this study found that longer sleep duration and greater sleep efficiency are associated with more favorable cardiometabolic profiles in early adolescence. BrightcoveDefaultPlayer10.1542/6138654331001PEDS-VA_2017-4085 Video Abstract BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Shorter sleep duration is associated with childhood obesity. Few studies measure sleep quantity and quality objectively or examine cardiometabolic biomarkers other than obesity. METHODS: This cross-sectional study of 829 adolescents derived sleep duration, efficiency and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity from >5 days of wrist actigraphy recording for >10 hours/day. The main outcome was a metabolic risk score (mean of 5 sex-specific z-scores for waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol scaled inversely, and log-transformed triglycerides and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance), for which higher scores indicate greater metabolic risk. Secondary outcomes included score components and dual-energy radiograph absorptiometry fat mass. We measured socioeconomic status, race and/or ethnicity, pubertal status, and obesity-related behaviors (television-viewing and fast food and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption) using questionnaires. RESULTS: The sample was 51.5% girls; mean (SD) age 13.2 (0.9) years, median (interquartile range) sleep duration was 441.1 (54.8) minutes per day and sleep efficiency was 84.0% (6.3). Longer sleep duration was associated with lower metabolic risk scores (−0.11 points; 95% CI: −0.19 to −0.02, per interquartile range). Associations with sleep efficiency were similar and persisted after adjustment for BMI z score and physical activity, television-viewing, and diet quality. Longer sleep duration and greater sleep efficiency were also favorably associated with waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and fat mass. CONCLUSIONS: Longer sleep duration and higher sleep efficiency were associated with a more favorable cardiometabolic profile in early adolescence, independent of other obesity-related behaviors. These results support the need to assess the role of sleep quantity and quality interventions as strategies for improving cardiovascular risk profiles of adolescents.

1.7%

3.8

2020

[265] Sleeping Time, BMI, and Body Fat in Chinese Freshmen and Their Interrelation Yehong Yang, ..., and Yiming Li Obesity Facts 2020 - 16 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Introduction: In the past two decades, urbanization in many Asian countries has led to sedentary lifestyle and overnutrition, which has set the stage for the epidemic of obesity. Those who have obesity during adolescence usually have obesity into adulthood, which causes many medical and psychological issues that can result in premature death. Recent data suggest that short sleep duration may contribute to the risk of obesity, opening a new avenue for potential intervention. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of sleeping time, body mass index (BMI), and fat mass in Chinese freshmen and to indicate the relationship among them. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study consisting of 1,938 freshmen aged from 18 to 24 years, including 684 (35.3%) men and 1,254 (64.7%) women. BMI, sleeping time, and other potential related variables were collected by questionnaire. Obesity and overweight were defined as BMI ≥28.0 and ≥24.0, respectively. All students were divided into three groups according to the tertiles of body fat percentage (Fat%), which were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Sleeping time was divided into 3 categories based on the duration, <6, 6–8, and >8 h per day. Results: Participants who slept longer had lower BMI and Fat%. Sex, diet control, and maternal obesity were all significantly associated with BMI or Fat% after adjustment. There were significant differences between sleeping time <6 and >8 h in both overweight group and Fat% tertiles independent of adjustment used. The significant difference between sleeping time 6–8 and >8 h only existed in overweight group, while irrelevant relation was observed in both models of obesity group. Conclusion: Longer sleeping time was associated with a lower BMI in Chinese freshmen, even after adjustment for multiple confounders. The overweight stage is a critical period of weight management intervention by changing sleeping time. If adolescents have entered the obesity stage, the effect size of lifestyle intervention might be significantly limited.

1.0%

0.1

2015

[266] Sleep Doesn't Waste Time, It's Good for the Waist Line. T. Arora Sleep 2015 - 1 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: 1159 Editorial—Arora Adopting and maintaining a healthy lifestyle, which incorporates multiple behaviors, is vital for optimum health and longevity. Maintenance of health-related behaviors, however, remains a difficult challenge. In particular, chronic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, which are primarily driven by lifestyle factors and closely linked to cardiovascular disease, are major challenges to global healthcare systems. Weight gain and subsequent obesity usually occur from unhealthy lifestyle practices including poor diet without sufficient counteractive physical activity. Sleep duration has been shown to influence energy homeostasis and has recently emerged as the third important lifestyle factor that can impact health and wellbeing. Evidence linking insufficient sleep to obesity, usually defined according to body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) thresholds, is copious and relatively consistent.1–4 While BMI is a convenient, and internationally recognized measure of overall human obesity, there has been recent deliberation about this measure as a surrogate adipose marker for determining adverse health risks.5 Localized adiposity, such as around the midline (waist), may better predict the risk of type 2 diabetes,6 cardiovascular disease,7 and mortality,8 compared to BMI. Central adiposity, commonly identified using waist circumference (or sometimes waist-hip ratio), could be an alternative to BMI and/ or an additional research measure in human research focusing on clinical outcomes. Interestingly, inadequate sleep duration has also been linked to the aforementioned diseases2,9,10 as well as excess central adiposity.11 The evidence surrounding the sleep and waist circumference association is, however, less consistent compared to BMI. In this edition of SLEEP, Sperry and colleagues report on findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis conducted on sleep duration and waist circumference.11 They observed a significant, inverse relationship (r = −0.10, P < 0.0001) in 56,259 adults, drawn from a combination of 21 studies. Although not highlighted, inter-rater reliability is an obvious issue with central adiposity measurements. The authors do, however, acknowledge several obvious methodological and analytical concerns including: (1) limited objective sleep data; (2) treatment of categorical versus continuous data for sleep duration as well as waist circumference for drawing comparisons; EDITORIAL

0.5%

2.2

2008

[267] Short sleep and obesity: are poor sleep, chronic stress, and unhealthy behaviors the link? A. Vgontzas and E. Bixler Sleep 2008 - 35 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: WE READ WITH GREAT INTEREST THE TWO COMMENTARIES BY DRS. YOUNG AND HORNE ON THE IMPORTANCE OF THE WELL ESTABLISHED ASSOCIATION between short sleep and obesity.1,2 Both papers are methodic with well-thought arguments on complex issues such as association vs. causality, the importance of effect size from an individual vs. public health perspective and applicability of short-term studies to long-term problems. In this exchange of ideas, there is an issue that was missed. Who among obese individuals report short sleep? What are their clinical profiles and characteristics? Is the self-reported short sleep duration a result of voluntary chronic sleep restriction? In February 2008, we published a study in a large population sample of 1,300 men and women addressing these questions.3 Consistent with most previous reports, obese individuals reported short sleep duration. In addition, they reported a higher incidence of subjective sleep disturbances (47.4% vs. 25.5%, P < 0.01) and scored higher for chronic emotional stress than nonobese subjects. Notably, self-reported sleep duration did not differ between obese and nonobese individuals without subjective sleep disturbances, while obese with sleep complaints scored higher in chronic emotional stress compared to obese without sleep complaints. The shortest sleep duration was reported by the obese insomniacs (5.9 h), followed by obese with EDS (6.3 h) or sleep difficulty (6.6 h). The effect of chronic emotional stress was stronger than that of the BMI on the reported sleep duration, with a synergistic joint effect. We concluded that short sleep duration is reported by obese individuals who complain of their sleep and are chronically stressed. Interestingly, in this study and two previous ones4,5 there was no association between objective sleep duration and BMI, suggesting that it is an individual's perception of sleep duration rather than actual sleep loss that correlates with obesity. Longitudinal data from the Alameda County Health and Living Study indicated that this perception is also influenced by social stressors such as socioeconomic and minority status.6 In a report by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) released in May 2008, Schoenborn and Adams provided a national perspective on the association between sleep duration and selected health risk behaviors using data from the 2004–2006 National Health Interview Survey.7 The findings suggested that U.S. adults who usually sleep less than six hours were more likely than adults who slept 7 to 8 hours to engage in certain health risk behaviors (i.e., cigarette smoking, consuming five or more alcoholic drinks per day, and not engaging in physical activity on leisure-time). This emerging literature suggests that obese individuals who report short sleep are psychosocially stressed and unhappy with the quality of their sleep, and engage in unhealthy behaviors. Although these studies, as with most previous ones, do not provide any causal direction, based on existing empirical and scientific evidence, it is reasonable to suggest that chronic stress may lead to the increased consumption of palatable (or “comfort”) food8 or that reduced physical activity may lead to excess weight. Furthermore, behaviors such as smoking and alcohol consumption are widely used practices to reduce stress and to improve—albeit unsuccessfully—sleep, whereas their discontinuation, e.g., of smoking, is associated with increased food intake and significant weight gain. Thus, from a practical standpoint it appears that the self-reported short sleep duration is a marker of subjective sleep disturbances and their associated chronic psychosocial stress and unhealthy wake time behaviors. Sleeping better, reducing or coping with chronic stress more effectively, and promoting healthier behaviors appear to be very important for a significant percentage (almost 50%) of obese individuals in the general population of the U.S. Simply recommending to poor sleepers to lengthen their sleep by 1 or 2 hours may be countertherapeutic.

0.3%

2.8

2014

[268] Short Sleep Duration and Childhood Obesity: Cross-Sectional Analysis in Peru and Patterns in Four Developing Countries R. Carrillo-Larco, ..., and J. Miranda PLoS ONE 2014 - 27 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Background We aimed to describe the patterns of nutritional status and sleep duration in children from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam; to assess the association between short sleep duration and overweight and obesity, and if this was similar among boys and girls in Peru. Methods and Findings Analysis of the Young Lives Study, younger cohort, third round. In Ethiopia there were 1,999 observations, 2,011, 2,052 and 2,000 in India, Peru and Vietnam, respectively. Analyses included participants with complete data for sleep duration, BMI, sex and age; missing data: 5.9% (Ethiopia), 4.1% (India), 6.0% (Peru) and 4.5% (Vietnam). Exposure was sleep duration per day: short (<10 hours) versus regular (10–11 hours). Outcome was overweight and obesity. Multivariable analyses were conducted using a hierarchical approach to assess the effect of variables at different levels. Overweight/obesity prevalence was 0.5%/0.2% (Ethiopia), 1.3%/0.3% (India), 6.1%/2.8% (Vietnam), and 15.8%/5.4% (Peru). Only Peruvian data was considered to explore the association between short sleep duration and overweight and obesity, with 1,929 children, aged 7.9±0.3 years, 50.3% boys. Short and regular sleep duration was 41.6% and 55.6%, respectively. Multivariable models showed that obesity was 64% more prevalent among children with short sleep duration, an estimate that lost significance after controlling for individual- and family-related variables (PR: 1.15; 95%CI: 0.81–1.64). Gender was an effect modifier of the association between short sleep duration and overweight (p = 0.030) but not obesity (p = 0.533): the prevalence ratio was greater than one across all the models for boys, yet it was less than one for girls. Conclusions Childhood overweight and obesity have different profiles across developing settings. In a sample of children living in resource-limited settings in Peru there is no association between short sleep duration and obesity; the crude association was slightly attenuated by children-related variables but strongly diminished by family-related variables.

0.2%

7.7

2019

[269] The Association Between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Sleep Duration: Where Are We after nearly Two Decades of Epidemiological Research? V. Garfield International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019 - 35 citations - Show abstract - Cite

0.2%

8.1

2010

[270] Shortened sleep duration does not predict obesity in adolescents C. Calamaro, ..., and S. Ratcliffe Journal of Sleep Research 2010 - 109 citations - Show abstract - Cite

0.1%

0.1

2017

[271] INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLEEP DURATION , ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY AND PRE-EXISTING DISEASE C. Magee, ..., and E. Banks Journal Not Provided 2017 - 1 citations - Show abstract - Cite

0.1%

0.0

2022

[272] Dietary Patterns in Association with Sleep Duration in Iranian Adults: Results from YaHS-TAMYZ and Shahadieh Cohort Studies M. Mohammadi, ..., and A. Salehi-abargouei International Journal of Preventive Medicine 2022 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

0.0%

1.9

2019

[273] Association between sleep duration and hypertension: Isfahan Healthy Heart Program, Iran J. Najafian, ..., and N. Mohammadifard ARYA Atherosclerosis 2019 - 10 citations - Show abstract - Cite

0.0%

17.6

2008

[274] The Association between Sleep Duration and Obesity in Older Adults S. Patel, ..., and K. Stone International journal of obesity (2005) 2008 - 275 citations - Show abstract - Cite

0.0%

1.7

2014

[275] Growth in Body Mass Index From Childhood Into Adolescence M. El-Sheikh, ..., and Stephen A. Erath The Journal of Early Adolescence 2014 - 18 citations - Show abstract - Cite

0.0%

3.8

2013

[276] Association between sleep duration and diabetes mellitus: Isfahan Healthy Heart Program. J. Najafian, ..., and Rahmati Nigerian journal of clinical practice 2013 - 43 citations - Show abstract - Cite

0.0%

2.6

2017

[277] Sex-Specific Difference in the Association Between Poor Sleep Quality and Abdominal Obesity in Rural Chinese: A Large Population-Based Study. Ru-Qing Liu, ..., and G. Dong Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2017 - 19 citations - Show abstract - Cite

0.0%

0.0

2014

[278] C URRENT OPINION Metabolic effects of sleep disruption, links to obesity and diabetes A. Nedeltcheva Journal Not Provided 2014 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite

0.0%

0.0

2014

[279] Abstract P104: Change in Measures of Adiposity in Young Adulthood and Middle-Age Sleep Apnea Risk: The Bogalusa Heart Study T. Hu, ..., and L. Bazzano Circulation 2014 - 0 citations - Show abstract - Cite Abstract: Background: Persons with obesity are at high risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA); however, the relationship between obesity in young adulthood and future OSA risk is unknown. Methods: We prospectively examined the association between changes in measures of adiposity in young adulthood and subsequent risk of OSA in 857 middle-aged adults free of cardiovascular disease at baseline. Data included at least 2 measures of adiposity (BMI, waist circumference, waist/hip ratio, and waist/height ratio) after 18 years of age. High-risk of OSA was defined as 2 of the following: hypertension, persistent snoring, and persistent daytime sleepiness, based on modified Berlin Questionnaire score, excluding BMI. Persistent snoring was defined as snoring on ≥3 nights/week, snoring louder than talking or very loud, and breathing pauses on ≥3 nights/week. Persistent daytime sleepiness was defined as feeling tired ≥3 days/week after sleeping, feeling tired during time awake ≥3 days/week, and falling asleep while driving. Results: The sample was 42% male and 32% African-American. Mean age was 43 years and mean BMI was 31 kg/m 2 when sleep outcomes were measured. BMI increased by 6.1 kg/m 2 over 25 years, waist circumference increased by 16.4 cm over 22 years, waist/hip ratio increased by 0.05 over 15 years, and waist/height ratio increased by 0.09 over 22 years. There were 235 (27%) participants with high-risk of OSA. In multivariate log linear regression models, participants with a one standard deviation increase in BMI had 1.30 (95% CI: 1.14, 1.49) times the risk of OSA, after adjustment for age, gender, race, educational level, leisure-time physical activity, regular drinking, current smoking, and years of follow-up. Participants with a one standard deviation increase in BMI, waist circumference, and waist/height ratio had 1.35 (95% CI: 1.22, 1.50), 1.17 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.27), and 1.22 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.34) times the risk of persistent snoring. The association was not significant for persistent daytime sleepiness. Waist/hip ratio was not significantly associated with any sleep-related outcome. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that an increase in BMI in young adulthood is an independent predictor of high-risk of OSA in middle age. Increases in BMI, waist circumference, and waist/height ratio are independently associated with persistent snoring in middle age.

0.0%

1.9

2017

[280] Both Weight at Age 20 and Weight Gain Have an Impact on Sleep Disturbances Later in Life: Results of the EpiHealth Study G. Cai, ..., and E. Lindberg SLEEP 2017 - 12 citations - Show abstract - Cite

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